bio chem

Question 1

non-polar covalent bond

Answer 1

has no charges because of the equally shared electron

Question 2

polar covalent bonds

Answer 2

have partial charges becuase of the unequal shares of the electron

Question 3

water molecules, non polar or polar

Answer 3

polar

Question 4

water molecule inorganic or oranic?

Answer 4

inorganic

Question 5

what bonds water molecules together

Answer 5

hydrogen bonds

Question 6

where do hydrogen bonds occur?

Answer 6

between partial + and partial -

Question 7

when are hydrogen bonds strong?

Answer 7

when they are used in large numbers

Question 8

cohesion

Answer 8

cohesion is the bond between the same element

Question 9

adhesion

Answer 9

bond between different substances, but both polar

Question 10

surface tension

Answer 10

measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid

Question 11

Water has a high surface tension because

Answer 11

there are many hydrogen bonds and the hydrogen bonds push upwards on the surface creating a higher surface tension

Question 12

water has a high heat capacity because..

Answer 12

heat energy from the sun is used to breaking down and reforming hydrogen bonds, so the water temperature dpesn’t increase by much

Question 13

what happens when water is frozen?

Answer 13

water frozen becomes less dense than liquid water becuase of the hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds forms water molecules into crystal shapes.

Question 14

water is an excellent solvent because..

Answer 14

water is polar, any other polar substance can dissolve

Question 15

Importance of Ph levels

Answer 15

1. alll living things use chemical reactions
2. chemical reactions require enzymes
3. enzymes are very specific and will only work if the ph is correct

Question 16

Buffers

Answer 16

chemical molecules that abosorb excess hydroge ions or hydroxide ions by attaching them to the buffer molecule.
once the h and oh is attached to the buffer it is neutralized and no longer affects the ph

Question 17

What is the structure of the carbohydrates

Answer 17

ring structure

Question 18

what structures are lipids

Answer 18

linear structure

Question 19

synthesis

Answer 19

turns monomers into macromolecules
produces one water molecule

Question 20

hydrolysis

Answer 20

takes the macromolecules and break them apart into monomers while putting in a water molecule

Question 21

carbohydrates use the elements..

Answer 21

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

Question 22

carbohydrates follow an empirical formulat of..

Answer 22

CH2O

Question 23

monomers of carbohydrates

Answer 23

monosaccharide
ex) clucose, lactose, fructose, galactose

Question 24

glucose is..

Answer 24

a hexose sugar because it has 6 carbons

the formula C6 H12 O6

Question 25

disaccharide

Answer 25

two monomers joined together

Question 26

maltose

Answer 26

glutose + glucose = maltose and water molecule

Question 27

what structures do carbohydrates have

Answer 27

ring structure

Question 28

bon between carbohydrates

Answer 28

glycosidic bond

Question 29

macromolecule of carbohydrates

Answer 29

polysaccharides

Question 30

3 main polysaccharides

Answer 30

- starch - glycogen - cellulose

Question 31

Starch

Answer 31

straight chains of glucose with few branches used as glucose storage in plants

Question 32

glycogen

Answer 32

highly branched chain of glucose used as glucose storage in animals

Question 33

cellulose

Answer 33

Fiber wall shape used as a structural component in cell walls

Question 34

Function of glucose

Answer 34

primary energy source --> only glucose can make ATP energy

Question 35

function of starch/ glycogen

Answer 35

glucose and food storage molecule

Question 36

cellulose function

Answer 36

contribute to cell structure and products promotes digestive health (fiber)

Question 37

What elements make up lipids?

Answer 37

c, h , and o

Question 38

only lipidds...

Answer 38

do not follow an empirical formula are non-polar

Question 39

monoers for lipids

Answer 39

glycerol and fatty acids

Question 40

Macromolecule for lipids

Answer 40

triglyceride or neutral fat

Question 41

what makes a triglyceride?

Answer 41

1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids

Question 42

what bonds the glyerol with the fatty acid?

Answer 42

ester linkage/ ester bond

Question 43

three types of fatty acids

Answer 43

1. saturated fatty acids --> single covalent bond 2. monounsaturated fatty acids --> one double bond 3. polyunsaturated fatty acids --> two or more double bonds

Question 44

Functions of triglycerides

Answer 44

1. secondary energy source 2. insulation prevents heat loss 3. cushion organs and joints

Question 45

What makes up phospholipids

Answer 45

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate group

Question 46

whats different aout phospholids and triglycerides

Answer 46

phospholipids are both non-polar and polar triglyceride is just non-polar

Question 47

phospholipids only form..

Answer 47

cell membrances

Question 49

cholesterol

Answer 49

has tail

Question 50

sex hormones

Answer 50

no tail

Question 51

what elements are proteins composed of?

Answer 51

c, h, o and n

Question 52

functions of proteins

Answer 52

1. cell membranes, muscle, connective tissues 2. enzymes, hormones, antibodies, hemoglobin 3. emergency energy source

Question 53

monomer of protein

Answer 53

amino acids or peptides

Question 54

what are the 3 groups in amino acids?

Answer 54

amine group, varibale group, carboxyl group

Question 55

what bond bonds amino acids together

Answer 55

peptide bond

Question 56

primary proten structure

Answer 56

linear shape peptide bonds between amino acids keeps it in a linear shape ex) some hormones- oxytocin

Question 57

secondary protein structure

Answer 57

helix or pleated shape hydrogen bonds between the h and o of the peptide bonds twist the protein ex) keratin

Question 58

tertiary protein structure

Answer 58

- globular shape - different R groups bonds - specific sequence of amino acids and unique sequence of R groups, create unique shape ex) hormones, enzymes, myosin

Question 59

quarternary protein structure

Answer 59

- huge globular protein made of multiple polypeptides - many types of bondings occur between polypeptides ex) Hemoglobin, and insulin

Question 60

what elements are nucleic acids composed of?

Answer 60

c, h, o, n, and p

Question 61

monomers of nucleic acids

Answer 61

nucleotide

Question 62

nucleotide

Answer 62

sugar- ribose (RNA) or deoxyribose (DNA) phosphate- PO4 base

Question 63

which carbon is involved in the phosphodiester bond?

Answer 63

carbon 3

Question 64

what is anti-parallel?

Answer 64

the sugars are right side up on one side and upside down on the other strand

Question 65

purine

Answer 65

double ring --> guaninea dn adenine

Question 66

pyrimidines

Answer 66

single ring --> cytosine, thymine, and uracil

Question 67

what is ATP

Answer 67

energy molecule two high energy bonds where energy can be stored and then released when needed macromolecule