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Principles of physiology > cell to cell comunication, hormones (ch6,7,23) > Flashcards

cell to cell comunication, hormones (ch6,7,23) Flashcards

1
Q

example of a paracrine signal

A

histamines, cytokines, NO (nitric oxide), eicosanoids

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2
Q

what does histamine do

A

it is secreted by basophils and mast cells in connective tissue nearby to injured areas and it makes the cells more permeable to immune cells and proteins that can interact with the pathogen

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3
Q

what are the types of neurocrine molecules & what is the difference b/w them

A

neurotransmitter (diffuses from a neuron to a target cell in which it triggers a rapid-onset effect)neuromodulator (acts as a paracrine/autocrine signal and triggers a slow effect)neurohormone (diffuses into the blood for long distance distribution)

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4
Q

what is the difference b/w cytokines and hormones?

A
  • cytokines act mainly in a paracrine/autocrine manner but can also diffuse through the blood like hormones
  • cytokines are produced by any nucleated cell/on demand, whereas hormones are produced by specialized cells and stored in advance (exception: steroid hormones)
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5
Q

what types of signal molecules are there (differentiated by what kind of receptors they bind to)

A
  • lipophilic (bind to cytoplasmic receptors and trigger activation/inactivation of genes - slow)
  • lipophobic (bind to membrane receptors)
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6
Q

how can an ion channel be modified (opened/closed)

A
  • electrical signal (voltage-gated)
  • chemical signal (ligand-gated) - this can in turn be: G protein activation, extracellular signal activation, intracellular signal molecule activation
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7
Q

two examples of GPCR pathways

A

GPCR-cAMP (G protein activates adenylyl cyclase=amplifier, which generates many cAMP molecules which activate protein kinases etc)
GPCR-PLC (phospholipase C) (G protein activates PLC which turns a membrane phospholipid into IP3 and diacylglycerol -> IP3 can trigger ER release of Ca2+ and DAG can activate protein kinases etc)

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8
Q

what is the tonic control of a system?

A

tonic control = response is gradual, proportional to the amount of signal that triggers it

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9
Q

what is the antagonistic control of a system?

A

a system that is antagonistically controlled has several pathways acting on it that have opposing effects

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10
Q

an output signal is produced by…

A

an efferent neuron or an endocrine cell that secretes a hormone

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11
Q

in an endocrine reflex, the endocrine cell is both…and…

A

the sensor and the integrating center

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12
Q

down regulation

A

decrease in receptor numbers

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13
Q

desensitization

A

reversible receptor modification to diminish response (drug tolerance)

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14
Q

up regulation

A

increase in receptor numbers

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15
Q

agonist

A

a competing ligand that triggers a response

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16
Q

antagonist

A

a competing ligand that blocks the receptor response

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17
Q

how can a signal be terminated

hormone or neurotransmitter

A

signal breakdown by enzymes (ACh breakdown into acetic acid and choline)
neurotransmitter transport to neighbouring cells (astrocytes)
endocytosis of the ligand-receptor complex

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18
Q

what does NO cause

A

vasodilation

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19
Q

what tissues does CO2 target

A

muscle and neural tissue

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20
Q

where is the adrenal gland

A

one on top of each kindey

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21
Q

what does the adrenal medulla secrete

A

catecholamines (mostly epinephrine)

22
Q

what does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

steroid hormones (aldosterone, glucocorticoids, sex hormones)

23
Q

the adrenal medulla is composed of

A

modified sympathetic ganglia

24
Q

crossover effects

A

the effect of a structurally similar hormone binding a receptor for another hormone (ex: cortisol binding MR - mineralocorticoid receptors for aldosterone)

25
Q

a glucocorticoid

A

cortisol

26
Q

catecholamines

A

adrenaline/epinephrine, noradrenaline/norepinephrine

27
Q

how is a hormone signal terminated?

A

by being degraded in the blood
by being enzymatically digested in the cell (cytoplasmatic/ receptor-ligand endocytosed)

28
Q

time after a hormone is degraded

A

half-life

29
Q

types of hormones

A

peptide hormones (ex: insulin)
steroid hormones
amine hormones (catecholamines, thyroid hormones)

30
Q

cortisol transported in the blood by

A

corticosteroid binding globulin/ transcortin

31
Q

cortisol effect(s)

A

catabolic: muscle protein, bone tissue & fat breakdown, liver: gluconeogenesis stimulation, permissive for glucagon, catecholamines, supressed immune system

32
Q

trophic hormone

A

hormone that stimulates the secretion of another hormone

33
Q

what are the trophic hormones of cortisol

A

CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) and ACTH (adenocorticotropin releasing hormone or corticotropin)

34
Q

why does therapeutic cortisol have to be waned off

A

because during treatment, the adrenal cortex cells (zona fasciculata) and the anterior pituitary cells atrophy due to lack of CRH and ACTH secretion (negative feedback). the cortisol has to be waned off so that the adrenal and pituitary cells can get back to normal

35
Q

portal system

A

two sets of capillaries connected in series by a set of small veins

36
Q

synergism (def)

A

result of presence of more hormones with the same effect which causes a combined effect that is greater than additive

37
Q

synergism (example)

A

epinephrine and glucagon effect on blood glucose

38
Q

permissive effect of a hormone on other hormones

A

activity of a hormone is inhibited by the absence of the hormone with the permissive effect

39
Q

long-loop negative feedback

A

inhibition of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones by the hormone secreted by the peripheral endocrine gland

40
Q

short-loop negative feedback

A

inhibition of hypothalamic hormone by pituitary hormone

41
Q

primary pathology of endocrine organ/gland/system

A

abnormal secretion by peripheral endocrine organ

42
Q

secondary pathology of endocrine organ/gland/system

A

abnormal secretion by anterior pituitary

43
Q

tertiary pathology of endocrine organ/gland/system

A

abnormal secretion by hypothalamus

44
Q

the posterior pituitary secretes

A

neurohormones made in the hypothalamus

45
Q

hypothalamic neurohormones

A

oxytocin
vasopressin
prolactin
thyrotropin
adenocorticotropin
GH
follicle-stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone

46
Q

thyroid cells

A

C cells (clear)
follicular cells

47
Q

thyroid secretion

A

C cells secrete calcitonin
follicular cells secrete thyroid hormone

48
Q

thyroid hormone is a(n) … hormone derived from …

A

amine
tyrosine

49
Q

thyroid colloid

A

thyroid lumen enriched with glycoproteins that holds a 2-3 months reserve of thyroid hormone

50
Q

active form of TH

A

T3

51
Q

TH effects

A

catabolic in adults
permissive effect on sexual maturation (GnRH -> TSH, LH -> gonad steroid hormones)

Principles of physiology (7 decks)

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