Cell theory Flashcards
lysosome
contains digestive enzymes to hydrolysis macromolecules such as proteins and lipids into their monomers
use digestive enzymes to break down food/organelles
golgi apparatus
site that processes/modifies/packages and releases proteins
free ribosomes
site of protein synthesis as they translate mRNA to produce proteins.
plasma membrane
controls entry and exit of substances in the cell
rough endoplasmic reticulum
can modify proteins to alter their function and/or destination.
Synthesizes proteins to be excreted from the cell.
aerobic respiration in eukaryotes
requires oxygen in cytoplasm and mitochondria krebs cycle large yield of ATP Co2 and water needed
anaerobic respiration in eukaryotes
no oxygen in cytoplasm no krebs cycle small yield of atp lactate (animals) ethanol and Co2 (yeast and plants) both needed
role of protein pumps in active transport
can move solutes against a concentration gradient using energy (ATP). Specifically for the solute/molecule being transported. protein pumps can change shape.
prophase
spindle microtubules grow and extend from each pole to the equator.
chromosomes super coil and become short and bulky and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
Sister chromatids become visible as the end result of super-coiling of the DNA around histone proteins (nucleosomes).
The sister chromatids (replicated DNA strands) are attached to eachother at a centromere.
metaphase
the chromatids move to the equator and the spindle microtubules from each pole attach to each centromere on opposite sides
anaphase
spindle microtubules pull the sister chromatids apart splitting the centromeres.
This splits the chromatids into chromosomes.
each identical chromosome is pulled to opposite poles.
telophase
spindle microtubules break down and the chromosomes uncoil and are no longer visible.
Nuclear membrane reforms
the cell divided by cytokinesis to form two daughter cells with identical genetic nuclei
cancer
uncontrolled division of cells leading to tumor formation
