Biological Molecules

Question 1

What does the term organic mean?

Answer 1

It contains carbon

Question 2

What are the 3 common elements found in all biological compound?

Answer 2

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Question 3

What is the general difference between monomers and polymers?

Answer 3

Monomers only have one molecule and polymers have many molecules

Question 4

2 examples of monosaccharide

Answer 4

Glucose

Fructose

Question 5

What is the function of protein? (2)

Answer 5

Helps growth and repairs tissue

Question 6

What is the optimum?

Answer 6

The best temperature for the enzyme to work at

Question 7

What is the optimum temperature?

Answer 7

37C

Question 8

What are biological molecules?

Answer 8

Organic compounds that occur naturally.
Most of the molecules are found in three groups : Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
They all contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Protein also contains nitrogen.

Question 9

What are Carbohydrates made of?

Answer 9

Made of sub-units called sugar.
Group of sugar molecules link together to make larger molecules and long chain polymers.
Polymer = Carbohydrate
Monomer = glucose.
E.g. of carbohydrate polymers are starch and glycogen, which are both made of simple sugars.

Question 10

Sugars

Answer 10

Two simple sugars = disaccharide
E.g glucose + fructose = sucrose
Sugar provides us with energy and is also use to build cell structures.

Question 11

Monosaccharide

Answer 11

The building blocks.

Can function as an energy source during cellular respiration - mainly known as simple sugars.

Question 12

Disaccharide

Answer 12

Two monosaccharides joined together (e.g glucose + fructose = sucrose)

Question 13

Polysaccharide

Answer 13

Long chains of monosaccharides joined together (e.g starch)

Question 14

Carbohydrates

Answer 14

They are sugar and starches.
They have Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides.
Starches can be found in potatoes, rice, wheat, corn, bananas, peas, beans, lentils, and other tubers, seeds, and fruits of plants.
Important Polysaccharides are cellulose and chitin.
Cellulose makes up the cell wall of plants.
Chitin provides structure to fungi and the exoskeleton of arthropods.

Question 15

Amino acid

Answer 15

The building blocks of proteins. There are 20 of them that combine to form polypeptides(proteins).
Structure = at the center of the molecule is the alpha carbon that is connected to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and the R group (the side chain). The different amino acids have different side chain, but are otherwise identical.

Question 16

Protein

Answer 16

Proteins are complex, specialized molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes sulphuric.
The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids that combine to form polypeptides (proteins).
Functions:
Structural proteins (e.g. collagen or elastin). Regulatory proteins (e.g. enzymes control cell processes). The immune system (antibodies), oxygen transport (hemoglobin), movement (muscles) etc.

Question 17

Lipids

Answer 17

Consist of glycerol and fatty acids (long ‘tails’ of carbon and hydrogen which contributes the non-polar behavior of fats) which can be saturated.
Functions:
Long-term energy storage
Important component of the cell membrane.

Question 18

Glucose

Answer 18

Benedict’s solution (blue)

In heat, the solution will turn green/brown (precipitate) or Brick-red.

Question 19

Starch

Answer 19

Iodine solution

Will change from yellow to blue/black.

Question 20

Protein

Answer 20

Biuret reagent

If solution goes from blue to purple, protein is present.

Question 21

Fat

Answer 21

Paper
Will turn translucent
Create a white emulsion when mixed with ethanol and suspended in water.

Question 22

Enzymes

Answer 22

Enzymes catalyze metabolic reaction (chemical reactions taking place inside the cell). They are biological catalysts ( speeds up chemical reaction without being used up).
Each enzyme catalysts a different reaction.
Enzymes work with specific substrates, which create the different reactions.

Question 23

How enzymes work

Answer 23

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction making it faster (time = less).
Substrates must collide while they are constantly moving (with enzymes).
This reaction must have sufficient collision energy (and orientation).
There must be enough substrate concentration for a reaction to occur.
Catabolic enzymes break down substances into products and release energy.
Anabolic enzymes consume energy and build more complex molecules from smaller ones.
(Respiration + digestion vs. Photosynthesis and muscle growth).

Question 24

Collision theory

Answer 24

Collisions must have sufficient energy, in the right orientation in order for a reaction to occur.

Question 25

Changes by pH

Answer 25

Changing the pH will affect the charges on the amino acid molecules. Amino acids that attracted each other may no longer. The shape of the enzyme and its active site will change.

Question 26

Carbohydrase

Answer 26

E.g. Amylase
Secretion site: mouth and pancreas.
Action site: mouth and small int. ( pH 8)
Substrate: starch
Products: maltose

E.g. Maltese
Secretion site: Small int.
Action site: Small int. (pH 7)
Substrate: Maltose
Products: glucose

Question 27

Protease

Answer 27

E.g. Pepsin
Secretion site: stomach wall
Action site: stomach (pH 3)
Substrate: protein
Products: polypeptides

E.g. Peptidase
Secretion site: small int. and pancreas
Action site: small int. (pH 7)
Substrate: polypeptide
Products: amino acids

Question 28

Lipase

Answer 28

E.g. Lipase
Secretion site: pancreas
Action site: small int. (pH 7) 
Substrate: fats (lipids)
Products: Fatty acids and glycerol