cell structures and functions (pt 2)

Question 1

what are centrioles

Answer 1

small hollow cylinders made of microtubules

Question 2

what are centrosomes

Answer 2

a region with

• pair of centrioles
• many proteins

Question 3

function of centrosome?

Answer 3

act as MTOC

- organise microtubules to form spindle fibres for chromatid seperation during nuclear division

Question 4

function of centrioles?

Answer 4

act as MTOC in cilia and flagella

Question 5

decribe cilia briefly

Answer 5

• extends from cell surface

- made up of microtubules

Question 6

function of cilia?

Answer 6

• movement of organism

- sweep mucus in respiratory tract

Question 7

which ER got ribosomes

Answer 7

• ser - no ribo

- rer - ribo

Question 8

function of rer

Answer 8

transport protein synthesised by ribosome

Question 9

function ser

Answer 9

synthesis lipid and steroids, stores calcium ions and detox

Question 10

function ribosome

Answer 10

site for protein synthesis

Question 11

free ribosomes synthesize..

Answer 11

intracellular enzymes

Question 12

bound ribosomes synthesize..?

Answer 12

extracellular enzymes

Question 13

function of golgi apparatus

Answer 13

1. modify
   - adding sugar, package, transport proteins, glycoprotein, carbohydrates and lipids
   - remove first amino acid (methionine) from newly formed proteins
   - converts sugars into cell wall proteins
2. forms lysosomes

Question 14

how is GA formed

Answer 14

Formed from vesicles (ER) at one end (‘Cis”)

Question 15

where is GA abundant in

Answer 15

goblet cells

Question 16

which cell is involved in phagocytic activity? what does it contain

Answer 16

lysosome, hydrolytic enzymes (protease, nuclease, lipase) and acidic

Question 17

function of lysosome (4)

Answer 17

• Digest material ingested by phagocytic cells
• Secrete enzyme to outside cell – in tears, saliva, milk
• Digest worn out organelles (Autophagy)
• Digest dead cells (Autolysis) – Mammary gland cells
• Sperm (acrosome- specialized lysosome)
• Replacement of cartilage with bone during development

Question 18

what are 4 parts of the chloroplast

Answer 18

1. envelope
   - double membrane
2. stroma
   - contains enzymes, DNA, ribosomes (70s)
3. grana
   - made up of thylakoids
4. starch granules
   - temporary carbohydrate storage

Question 19

function of chloroplast

Answer 19

Capture light energy and convert to chemical energy by photosynthesis

Question 20

4 parts of the mitochondria

Answer 20

1. double membrane
   - inner fold
   cristae - stalked particles and etc
   (site of oxidative phosphorylation)

• inside content
  matrix - contains enzymes
  (site of krebs cycle link reaction and fatty acid oxidation)
  contains 70s ribosomes

2. intermembrane space
   - allow accumulation of H+ ions
   - builds proton gradient

Question 21

function mitochondria

Answer 21

Aerobic respiration to synthesis ATP

Question 22

thickness of cell wal (micrometers)

Answer 22

from 0.1um

Question 23

layer which cements thecell wallsof two adjoining plantcellstogether?

Answer 23

middle lamela

Question 24

what is cell fractionation?

Answer 24

• cells are broken up
• organelles are seperated
• homogenate / lysate formed

Question 25

method (2) for cell fractionation

Answer 25

1. homogenation

2. differential centrifugation