Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

HIT 240 Pathophysiology & Pharmacology > Cell Structures > Flashcards

Cell Structures Flashcards

1
Q

cell membrane

A

contains the cells
composed of proteins and phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Function: proteins in the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane

A

help move molecules in and out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Function: phospholipids of a cell membrane

A

cell membrane structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

phospholipid head

A

hydrophilic
face aqueous areas inside and outside of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

phospholipid tail

A

hydrophobic
stick together and avoid aqueous areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Location: transmembrane proteins

A

inner
outer
transmembrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

active transport of ions and small molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

two types of membrane proteins

A

peripheral
integral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

peripheral proteins

A

weaker, temporary connections to the membrane
sit on surface
anchored by ionic bonds
small sections that dip into hydrophobic section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

integral proteins

A

permanent connection to cell membrane
large sections embedded in hydrophobic layer of membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

integral proteins
cross membrane
pathways for molecules and ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

polytopic transmembrane proteins

A

cross membrane regularly
receptor proteins or form channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

passive transport

A

doesn’t require work to move molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

active transport

A

requires work to move molecules
membrane proteins pumping ions against conc gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cell connections

A

gap junctions
desmosomes
tight junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

gap junctions

A

two cell membranes touching
opening between cells where cytoplasm flows
channels for movement of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

desmosomes

A

physically connect cells
no opening
created by proteins that bond one cell membrane to its neighbor
wider than gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

tight junction

A

two membranes bond into one
strong barrier between two cells, solid walls
found where one area needs protection from the contents of other areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cytoplasm

A

cell fluid
aka cytosol
where cell organelles are suspended
uses dissolved enzymes to break down larger molecules to be used by organelles of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

nucleoplasm

A

nucleus fluid
holds chromatin and nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

microfilaments

A

round, tube-shaped proteins
actin
work with microtubules to form structure that allows cell shape, movement, and organelle movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

microtubules

A

long, thin, stringy proteins
tubulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What help define cell structure and movement, aka skeleton of a cell?

A

microfilaments
microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What can you find the in cytoplasm?

A

enzymes
FA
sugars
AA
waste products
glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
nucleus
command center or cell brain controls eating, movement, reproduction
25
eukaryotic cells
have a nucleus
26
prokaryotic cells
no nucleus
27
nucleoid
region of the cell where DNA is found defined nucleus that holds genetic code
28
nuclear envelope
surrounds nucleus and its contents pores and spaces for RNA and proteins to pass through contains chromatin and nucleolus
29
chromatin
in cells in resting state made of DNA, RNA and nuclear proteins
30
What are the nucleic acids inside the cell?
DNA RNA
31
chromosomes
carry all info used for a cell to grow, thrive, reproduce
32
Chromosomes are made up of?
DNA
33
genes
segments of DNA in specific patterns
34
chromatin
uncoiled, loose strands of chromosomes
35
chromosome
tightly wound DNA usually found in pairs humans have 46 or 23 pairs work with nucleic acids to build proteins and help in cell division
36
diploid
cells with two complete sets of chromosomes (46 in human)
37
haploid
cells with only one set of chromosomes (23 in human) sperm or egg created in meiosis
38
meiosis
cell division
39
centrioles
work in mitosis and meiosis only seen in cell division composed of 9 groups of microtubules
40
mitotic spindle
groups of threads attached to centrioles during cell division
41
interphase
when a cell is at rest
42
prophase
centrioles move to opposite ends of nucleus mitotic spindle threads appear threads conncet to now apparent chromosomes
43
anaphase
chromosomes are split and pulled towards each centriole
44
telophase
chromosomes begin unraveling new nuclear envelopes appear
45
ribosomes
protein builders protein synthesizers construction workers connect 1AA at a time into long chains found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
46
Cytosolic Ribosomes
make proteins used inside the cell
47
Endoplasmic Ribosomes
Rough ER attached to ER make proteins used inside the cell and those for export out of the cell
48
Function: ribosomes attached to the nuclear envelope
synthesize proteins released into perinuclear space
49
When are ribosomes used in protein synthesis?
when the cell needs to make a protein
50
mRNA
created in nucleus sent out of nucleus to ribosomes two subunits combine with mRNA to start protein synthesis
51
tRNA
bonded to AAs floating in cell mRNA instructs ribosomes to connect to tRNA and pulls off one AA tRNA released back into cell attaches to another AA ribosome builds polypeptide to become part of larger protein
52
polypeptide
long AA chain
53
mitochondria
powerhouse free floating organelles act like digestive system take in nutrients, breaks them down, creates E rich molecules for the cell keep cell full of E use O to release E only place O reduced and broken down into H2O control [Ca2+] ions within cell work with ER to limit Ca in cytosol
54
cellular respiration
biochemical processes of the cell many happen in mitochondria
55
Structure: mitochondria
outer membrane covers organelle like skin inner membrane folds over many times to create cristae matrix
56
matrix
mitochondrial fluid
57
cristae
layered structures formed by the inner mitochondrial membrane folding over many times increases surface area inside organelle
58
Mitochondria: inner membrane
increased surface area more space to rxns to occur many chemical rxns here
59
mitochondrial matrix
contain their own ribosomes and DNA granules - may control [ion]
60
Mitochondria: cellular respiration
matrix filled with H2O and proteins (enzymes) take pyruvate and acetyl CoA chemically digest inner membrane proteins and enzymes of CAC release H2O and CO2 from breakdown of O2 and Glucose (C2H12O6).
61
ER
manufacturing and package system works with Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA
62
Structure: ER
network of membranes in cell connected to nucleus membranes differ from cell to cell cell function determines ER size and structure
63
rough ER
double membrane forms cisternae ribosomes attached to surface attached to nuclear envelope direct connection btw perinuclear space and lumen of ER allows movement of molecules through membranes
64
smooth ER
double membrane forms cisternae storage organelle creation and storage of lipids and steroids
65
cisternae
sacs formed by double membranes of smooth and rough ER
66
lumen or cisternal space
where proteins are synthesizes and collected
67
vesicles
when a large amount of synthesized proteins in the cisternal space or lumen are collected they pinch off into these and move along the Golgi apparatus
68
Golgi apparatus
protein packaging and distribution
69
sarcoplasmic reticulum SR
variation of SER storage store ions in soln that cell needs later
70
protein synthesis
mRNA from nucleus to RER ribosome builds AA chain pushed into lumen of RER protein completes collect RER pinches off vesicle moves to Golgi cell membrane proteins used in cell or sent out into intercellular space
71
Golgi apparatus
packaging organelle gathers simple molecules combines them into complex molecules packages them into vesicles stores or send them out of cell builds lysosomes works closely with ER
72
lysosomes
cell digestion machines
73
Structure: Golgi apparatus
series of membranes shaped like pancakes two layers membrane surrounds fluid where proteins, sugars, enzymes, and ribosomes, are stored and changed
74
transition vesicle
protein made in ER sac floats through cytoplasm to Golgi absorbed
75
secretory vesicle
created after Golgi works on molecules from transition vesicle released into cytoplasm to cell membrane molecules released from cell
76
vacuoles
storage bins of cells in animal and plant cells food and nutrients for cell to survive waste products to protect from contamination
77
Structure: vacuoles
membrane surrounds mass of fluid nutrients or waste in fluid
78
cytoskeleton
combination of microfilaments and microtubules provides structure connects to every organelle and part of cell membrane relax / contract movement of cell membrane, organelles, cytoplasm
79
myofibrils
microfilaments in muscles
80
myosin and actic
work together for muscle contraction and relaxation
81
actomyosin
actin and myosin together combine these protein threads with ions to get muscle contraction
82
sarcomeres
groups of actomyosin contracting
83
binding proteins
allow microfilaments to push or pull on the cell membrane for cell movement
84
Function: microtubules
cell structure cell division by connecting to chromosomes to help with the first split and movement to new daughter cells combine is specific arrangements to form cilia and flagella
85
cilia
little hairs cell movement
86
flagella
long thick tails push cell for cell movement
87
lysosomes
hold enzymes digest food or cell when it dies specialized vesicle that hold variety of enzymes vesicles Golgi pinches off float in cytoplasm until needed single membrane organelles
88
Function: lysosomes
attach to material and release enzymes break down complex molecules like sugars or proteins digest cell organelles for nutrients work in O poor areas with lower pH
89
peroxisomes
enzyme package similar to lysosomes break down toxic materials hold enzymes the require O or oxidative enzymes
90
Function: peroxisomes
absorb nutrients cell acquires digest FAs digest alcohol / ethanol - liver cholesterol synthesis AA digestion create hydrogen peroxide and break it down into H2O and O2 to use in next digestive rxn

HIT 240 Pathophysiology & Pharmacology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions