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HIT 240 Pathophysiology & Pharmacology > Cell Structures > Flashcards

Cell Structures Flashcards

1
Q

cell membrane

A

contains the cells
composed of proteins and phospholipids

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2
Q

Function: proteins in the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane

A

help move molecules in and out of the cell

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3
Q

Function: phospholipids of a cell membrane

A

cell membrane structure

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4
Q

phospholipid head

A

hydrophilic
face aqueous areas inside and outside of cell

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5
Q

phospholipid tail

A

hydrophobic
stick together and avoid aqueous areas

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6
Q

Location: transmembrane proteins

A

inner
outer
transmembrane

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7
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

active transport of ions and small molecules

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8
Q

two types of membrane proteins

A

peripheral
integral

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9
Q

peripheral proteins

A

weaker, temporary connections to the membrane
sit on surface
anchored by ionic bonds
small sections that dip into hydrophobic section

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10
Q

integral proteins

A

permanent connection to cell membrane
large sections embedded in hydrophobic layer of membrane

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11
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

integral proteins
cross membrane
pathways for molecules and ions

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12
Q

polytopic transmembrane proteins

A

cross membrane regularly
receptor proteins or form channels

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12
Q

passive transport

A

doesn’t require work to move molecules

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13
Q

active transport

A

requires work to move molecules
membrane proteins pumping ions against conc gradient

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14
Q

cell connections

A

gap junctions
desmosomes
tight junction

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15
Q

gap junctions

A

two cell membranes touching
opening between cells where cytoplasm flows
channels for movement of molecules

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16
Q

desmosomes

A

physically connect cells
no opening
created by proteins that bond one cell membrane to its neighbor
wider than gap junctions

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17
Q

tight junction

A

two membranes bond into one
strong barrier between two cells, solid walls
found where one area needs protection from the contents of other areas

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18
Q

cytoplasm

A

cell fluid
aka cytosol
where cell organelles are suspended
uses dissolved enzymes to break down larger molecules to be used by organelles of cell

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19
Q

nucleoplasm

A

nucleus fluid
holds chromatin and nucleolus

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20
Q

microfilaments

A

round, tube-shaped proteins
actin
work with microtubules to form structure that allows cell shape, movement, and organelle movement.

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21
Q

microtubules

A

long, thin, stringy proteins
tubulin

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22
Q

What help define cell structure and movement, aka skeleton of a cell?

A

microfilaments
microtubules

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23
Q

What can you find the in cytoplasm?

A

enzymes
FA
sugars
AA
waste products
glucose

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24
Q

nucleus

A

command center or cell brain
controls eating, movement, reproduction

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25
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

have a nucleus

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26
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

no nucleus

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27
Q

nucleoid

A

region of the cell where DNA is found
defined nucleus that holds genetic code

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28
Q

nuclear envelope

A

surrounds nucleus and its contents
pores and spaces for RNA and proteins to pass through
contains chromatin and nucleolus

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29
Q

chromatin

A

in cells in resting state
made of DNA, RNA and nuclear proteins

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30
Q

What are the nucleic acids inside the cell?

A

DNA
RNA

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31
Q

chromosomes

A

carry all info used for a cell to grow, thrive, reproduce

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32
Q

Chromosomes are made up of?

A

DNA

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33
Q

genes

A

segments of DNA in specific patterns

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34
Q

chromatin

A

uncoiled, loose strands of chromosomes

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35
Q

chromosome

A

tightly wound DNA
usually found in pairs
humans have 46 or 23 pairs
work with nucleic acids to build proteins and help in cell division

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36
Q

diploid

A

cells with two complete sets of chromosomes (46 in human)

37
Q

haploid

A

cells with only one set of chromosomes (23 in human)
sperm or egg
created in meiosis

38
Q

meiosis

A

cell division

39
Q

centrioles

A

work in mitosis and meiosis
only seen in cell division
composed of 9 groups of microtubules

40
Q

mitotic spindle

A

groups of threads attached to centrioles during cell division

41
Q

interphase

A

when a cell is at rest

42
Q

prophase

A

centrioles move to opposite ends of nucleus
mitotic spindle threads appear
threads conncet to now apparent chromosomes

43
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes are split and pulled towards each centriole

44
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes begin unraveling
new nuclear envelopes appear

45
Q

ribosomes

A

protein builders
protein synthesizers
construction workers
connect 1AA at a time into long chains
found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

46
Q

Cytosolic Ribosomes

A

make proteins used inside the cell

47
Q

Endoplasmic Ribosomes

A

Rough ER
attached to ER
make proteins used inside the cell and those for export out of the cell

48
Q

Function: ribosomes attached to the nuclear envelope

A

synthesize proteins released into perinuclear space

49
Q

When are ribosomes used in protein synthesis?

A

when the cell needs to make a protein

50
Q

mRNA

A

created in nucleus
sent out of nucleus to ribosomes
two subunits combine with mRNA to start protein synthesis

51
Q

tRNA

A

bonded to AAs floating in cell
mRNA instructs ribosomes to connect to tRNA and pulls off one AA
tRNA released back into cell
attaches to another AA
ribosome builds polypeptide to become part of larger protein

52
Q

polypeptide

A

long AA chain

53
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse
free floating organelles
act like digestive system
take in nutrients, breaks them down, creates E rich molecules for the cell
keep cell full of E
use O to release E
only place O reduced and broken down into H2O
control [Ca2+] ions within cell
work with ER to limit Ca in cytosol

54
Q

cellular respiration

A

biochemical processes of the cell
many happen in mitochondria

55
Q

Structure: mitochondria

A

outer membrane covers organelle like skin
inner membrane folds over many times to create cristae
matrix

56
Q

matrix

A

mitochondrial fluid

57
Q

cristae

A

layered structures formed by the inner mitochondrial membrane folding over many times
increases surface area inside organelle

58
Q

Mitochondria: inner membrane

A

increased surface area
more space to rxns to occur
many chemical rxns here

59
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

contain their own ribosomes and DNA
granules - may control [ion]

60
Q

Mitochondria: cellular respiration

A

matrix filled with H2O and proteins (enzymes)
take pyruvate and acetyl CoA
chemically digest
inner membrane proteins and enzymes of CAC release H2O and CO2 from breakdown of O2 and Glucose (C2H12O6).

61
Q

ER

A

manufacturing and package system
works with Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA

62
Q

Structure: ER

A

network of membranes in cell
connected to nucleus
membranes differ from cell to cell
cell function determines ER size and structure

63
Q

rough ER

A

double membrane forms cisternae
ribosomes attached to surface
attached to nuclear envelope
direct connection btw perinuclear space and lumen of ER allows movement of molecules through membranes

64
Q

smooth ER

A

double membrane forms cisternae
storage organelle
creation and storage of lipids and steroids

65
Q

cisternae

A

sacs formed by double membranes of smooth and rough ER

66
Q

lumen or cisternal space

A

where proteins are synthesizes and collected

67
Q

vesicles

A

when a large amount of synthesized proteins in the cisternal space or lumen are collected they pinch off into these and move along the Golgi apparatus

68
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

protein packaging and distribution

69
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum SR

A

variation of SER
storage
store ions in soln that cell needs later

70
Q

protein synthesis

A

mRNA from nucleus to RER ribosome
builds AA chain
pushed into lumen of RER
protein completes
collect
RER pinches off vesicle
moves to Golgi cell membrane
proteins used in cell or sent out into intercellular space

71
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

packaging organelle
gathers simple molecules
combines them into complex molecules
packages them into vesicles
stores or send them out of cell
builds lysosomes
works closely with ER

72
Q

lysosomes

A

cell digestion machines

73
Q

Structure: Golgi apparatus

A

series of membranes shaped like pancakes
two layers
membrane surrounds fluid where proteins, sugars, enzymes, and ribosomes, are stored and changed

74
Q

transition vesicle

A

protein made in ER
sac floats through cytoplasm to Golgi
absorbed

75
Q

secretory vesicle

A

created after Golgi works on molecules from transition vesicle
released into cytoplasm to cell membrane
molecules released from cell

76
Q

vacuoles

A

storage bins of cells
in animal and plant cells
food and nutrients for cell to survive
waste products to protect from contamination

77
Q

Structure: vacuoles

A

membrane surrounds mass of fluid
nutrients or waste in fluid

78
Q

cytoskeleton

A

combination of microfilaments and microtubules
provides structure
connects to every organelle and part of cell membrane
relax / contract
movement of cell membrane, organelles, cytoplasm

79
Q

myofibrils

A

microfilaments in muscles

80
Q

myosin and actic

A

work together for muscle contraction and relaxation

81
Q

actomyosin

A

actin and myosin together
combine these protein threads with ions to get muscle contraction

82
Q

sarcomeres

A

groups of actomyosin contracting

83
Q

binding proteins

A

allow microfilaments to push or pull on the cell membrane for cell movement

84
Q

Function: microtubules

A

cell structure
cell division by connecting to chromosomes to help with the first split and movement to new daughter cells
combine is specific arrangements to form cilia and flagella

85
Q

cilia

A

little hairs
cell movement

86
Q

flagella

A

long thick tails
push cell for cell movement

87
Q

lysosomes

A

hold enzymes
digest food or cell when it dies
specialized vesicle that hold variety of enzymes
vesicles Golgi pinches off
float in cytoplasm until needed
single membrane organelles

88
Q

Function: lysosomes

A

attach to material and release enzymes
break down complex molecules like sugars or proteins
digest cell organelles for nutrients
work in O poor areas with lower pH

89
Q

peroxisomes

A

enzyme package
similar to lysosomes
break down toxic materials
hold enzymes the require O or oxidative enzymes

90
Q

Function: peroxisomes

A

absorb nutrients cell acquires
digest FAs
digest alcohol / ethanol - liver
cholesterol synthesis
AA digestion
create hydrogen peroxide and break it down into H2O and O2 to use in next digestive rxn

HIT 240 Pathophysiology & Pharmacology (2 decks)

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