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Bio- sec 3 > Cell structures > Flashcards

Cell structures Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotes examples

A

bacterial cells

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2
Q

Eukaryotes examples

A

Animal, plant cells

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3
Q

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A
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4
Q

nucleus structure [4]

A
  1. nuclear envelope (double membraned, continuous w ER)
  2. nuclear pores
  3. DNA
  4. nucleolus (ribosomal subunits are synthesised)
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5
Q

Nucleus f(x) [GEC]

A

G- contain genetic information
E- essential for cell division
C- control cell activities

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6
Q

Cell surface membrane structure

A
  • selectively permeable membrane
  • Fluid mosaic model:
    + fluid: phospholipids are able to move freely and laterally along the phospholipid bilayer
    + mosaic: different proteins are randomly scattered and embedded among the phospholipids
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7
Q

Cell surface membrane f(x) [3]

A
  1. compartmentation and specialisation of cell
  2. selectively permeable membrane
  3. forms boundary that separates cell contents from the extracellular surrounding
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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • semi-fluid structure
  • 90% water + 10% dissolved solutes
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9
Q

protoplasm

A

cytoplasm + cell surface membrane + nucleus

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10
Q

cytoplasm f(x) [2]

A
  • main site for metabolic activities
  • where chemical reactions occur
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11
Q

Ribosome structure [NEST]

A

N: non-membrane bound
E: exist as free ribosomes floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the rER
S: spherical in shape
T: 2 subunits(RNA + protein)

not organelle btw

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12
Q

ribosome f(x) [5]

A
  • site of p.p. synthesis
  • translate gene carried by mRNA into p.p., p.p. folds into specific 3D conformation of protein

free ribosomes:
- synthesise proteins that function WITHIN cytoplams

ribosomes that are att. to rER synthesise proteins that are:
- meant to be secreted out of the cell
- packaged within lysosomes
- be embedded into the membranes

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13
Q

Endomembrane system

A
  1. endoplasmic reticulum
  2. Golgi body
  3. vesicles and lysosomes
  4. outer membrane of nuclear membrane
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14
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) structure [4]

A
  1. continuous w nuclear envelope
  2. 3D network of interconnecting flattened membranes
  3. SINGLE membrane structure
  4. ribosomes are att. to ER membranes
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15
Q

rER f(x) [2]

A
  1. folding p.p. into proteins
  2. transport protein for secretion
    - transport vesicles containing protein bud/pinch off from rER and are transported to the Golgi body for further chemical modification
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16
Q

sER structure [4]

A
  1. SINGLE MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
  2. 3D network of interconnecting tubular membrane
  3. no ribosomes att. to membrane surface
  4. could be continuous w rER or nuclear envelope
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17
Q

sER f(x) [2]

A
  1. synthesis of LIPIDS
    - enzymes in sER synthesise lipids (eg. phospholipids and steriods[eg. cholesterol])
  2. detoxification
    - converts harmful/toxic substances into more soluble and less harmful substances (easier for secretion)
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18
Q

Golgi body structure [3]

A
  1. several stacks of flattened membrane-bound bodies
  2. not continuous with nuclear envelope
  3. vesicles can be seen fusing w the cis face, pinching off frm the trans face
19
Q

Golgi body f(x) [3]

A
  1. CHEMICAL MODIFICATION:
    - modification of proteins that are transported from the rER and sER via transport vesicle
    - contain enzymes to catalyse the addition/removal of sugars frm proteins, addition of sulfate groups and phosphate groups
  2. SORTING AND PACKAGING:
    - proteins/lipids that are SECRETED are sorted and packaged into SECRETORY VESICLES
  3. FORMATION OF LYSOSOMES:
    - specialised vesicles containing LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES bud off frm the Golgi body
    - remains in cytoplasm
20
Q

types of vesicles

A
  1. transport vesicles
  2. secretory vesicles
  3. lysosomes
  4. vacuoles
21
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in cells (8 steps)

A
22
Q

Vesicles and lysosomes structure [3]

A
  1. tiny sacs bound by a single membrane
  2. formed when some membrane buds off to ENCLOSE A SUBSTANCE
  3. formed frm sER, rER and Golgi body
23
Q

vesicle f(x) [1]

A
24
Q

vesicle f(x)

A
25
Q

lysosome f(x)

A
26
Q

lysosome structure

A
27
Q

types of endocytosis [3]

A
  1. pinocytosis
  2. phagocytosis
  3. receptor-mediated endocytosis
28
Q

Mitochondrion structure [4]

A
  • cylindrical shaped
  • double membrane:
    = outer membrane is smooth
    = inner membrane has numerous folds (CRISTAE)
  • membranes separated by intermembrane space
  • matrix is compartment enclosed by the inner mitochondrion membrane
29
Q

f(x) of cristae

A

to increase surface area to ratio, provides a larger surface area for chemical reactions

30
Q

Mitochondrion f(x)

A

site of respiration

31
Q

Chloroplast structure [5]

A
32
Q

Chloroplast f(x)

A
33
Q

Vacuole structure [2]

A
  1. single membrane (tonoplast in plants)
  2. contain cell sap
    in animal cells: they are small but numerous (temporary)
33
Q

Vacuole structure [2]

A
  1. single membrane (tonoplast in plants)
  2. contain cell sap
    in animal cells: they are small but numerous (temporary)
34
Q

vacuole f(x) [3]

A
  1. helps develop turgidy
  2. storage of starch, pigments and defensive compounds
  3. deposition site
35
Q

Cell wall structure [4]

A
36
Q

cell wall f(x) [3]

A
37
Q

Root hair cell structure [4]

A
38
Q

Root hair cell f(x)

A
39
Q

Xylem structure

A
40
Q

xylem f(x)

A
41
Q

red blood cell structure [4]

A
42
Q

red blood cell f(x)

A

Bio- sec 3 (6 decks)

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