cell structures 1

Question 1

definition of cell biology

Answer 1

the exploration and study of life, at
the level of the cell and how
those parts function at a
molecular level.

Question 2

definition of a cell

Answer 2

structural and functional unit
of all living organisms

often called the building
block of life.

Question 3

what order is the cell organisation

Answer 3

• Cell
• Tissue – group of cells functioning
  together.
• Organ – group of tissues
  functioning together.
• Organ System – group of organs
  functioning together.
• Organism – group of organ
  systems functioning together.

Question 4

what is the make up of a cell

Answer 4

90% water, rest 50% is protein, 15% carbohydrate,
15% nucleic acid, 10% lipid and 10% other.

Question 5

what are the 2 main families of cells

Answer 5

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Question 6

what ways can we analyse a cell

Answer 6

• Cell culture
• Light microscopy
• Fluorescent microscopy
• Electron microscopy
• Many other like confocal microscopy, NMR etc.

Question 7

what calls can be used as experimental models

Answer 7

• Bacteria: E.coli
• Yeast
• Dictyostelium: cell movement
• Nematode worm: C.elegans in development
• Drosphophila, mouse, bovine, human, zebrafish.

Question 8

plasma membrane function

Answer 8

serves as a boundary between the cell and its external environment
it allows materials to pass i and out of the cell

Question 9

nucleus function

Answer 9

• Regulates cell function.
• Surrounded by a double-layered membrane (nuclear envelope)
  with large pores that allow materials to pass in and out of the
  nucleus.
• Contains chromatin – long tangles of DNA.

Question 10

nucleolus function

Answer 10

• Found in the nucleus and responsible for ribosome production. Ribosomes are the sites of protein production

Question 11

cyptoplasm function

Answer 11

• The jelly-like material that surrounds the organelles.

Question 12

Endoplasmic reticulum function

Answer 12

• Folded membrane that acts as the cell’s delivery
  system.
• Smooth E.R. contains enzymes for lipid synthesis.
• Rough E.R. is studded with ribosomes for protein
  synthesis.

Question 13

Golgi apparatus function

Answer 13

• A series of flattened sacs where newly made lipids and proteins from the E.R. are repackaged and shipped to the plasma membrane.

Question 14

Peroxisomes functions

Answer 14

Membrane bound packets of oxidative enzymes.

Question 15

Vacuoles function

Answer 15

A sac of fluid surrounded by a membrane used to store food, fluid, or waste product

Question 16

Lysosomes functions

Answer 16

• Contain a digestive enzymes.
• Can fuse with vacuoles to digest food, or can digest worn cell parts.

Question 17

Mitochondria functions

Answer 17

• Produce the energy for the cell.
• Also known as the “powerhouse of the cell”.
• Has a highly folded inner membrane (cristae)

Question 18

Cytoskeleton function

Answer 18

• A network of thin, fibrous materials that act as a
  scaffold and support the organelles.
• Microtubules – hollow filaments of protein.
• Microfilaments – solid filaments of protein.

Question 19

what is involved in locomotion in specialised cells

Answer 19

cilia - Short, numerous, hair-like projections from the plasma membrane that move with a coordinated beating action

flagella - Longer, less numerous projections from the plasma membrane that move with a whip-like action

Question 20

centrioles function

Answer 20

made of protein- tubulin.
play a role in the splitting of the cell into two cells. Replicate
then separate.
found in animal and fungi cells

Question 23

what is the role of the mitochondria

Answer 23

Energy conversion using oxygen, fatty acid metabolism, the urea cycle,
biosynthesis of haemoglobin, necrosis or apoptosis

Question 24

describe the shape of the mitochondria

Answer 24

0.5μm in diameter
* Have own circular DNA