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Biology > Cell Structure - Topic 2.a > Flashcards

Cell Structure - Topic 2.a Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the nucleus contain and what does it do?

A

DNA
Transmits genetic material to the cell for protein synthesis

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2
Q

What does the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope do?

A

Connect to the endoplasmic reticulum

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3
Q

What do the cristae do in the mitrochondria?

A

Increase surface area to allow for more aerobic respiration

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4
Q

The mitrochondria has a double membrane. What does each one do?

A

Outer membrane- controls what enters and exits
Inner membrane- folds into cristae

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5
Q

What do the nuclear pores do?

A

Allow large molecules to enter and exit

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6
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nucleoplasm
Nuclear pores
Nuclear envelope

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7
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

Make ribosomes

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8
Q

DNA in the nucleoplasm in the form of unwound chromosomes is what?

A

Chromatin

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9
Q

What green pigment makes leaves green and what does it do?

A

Chlorophyll - helps to absorb sun for photosynthesis

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10
Q

What ribosome size do eukaryotic cells have?

A

80s

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11
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

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12
Q

What are cisternae and where are they found?

A

Sheet-like membranes spreading throughout the cytoplasm
Found in both the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

Why does the RER have a large surface area?

A

So more ribosomes can attach and more proteins can then be made

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14
Q

Are ribosomes membrane bound or non-membrane bound?

A

They are a non-membrane bound organelle

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15
Q

What organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

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16
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

A

Vacuole
Cell wall made of cellulose
Chloroplasts

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17
Q

What type of cell is bacteria?

A

Prokaryote

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18
Q

Animal and plant cells are what type of cells?

A

Eukaryotic

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19
Q

Fungal cells are the same as plant cells apart from what?

A

Have no chloroplasts

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20
Q

Do viruses have organelles?

A

No

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21
Q

What is the cell wall of bacteria made from?

A

Meurein

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22
Q

What is the cell wall of fungi made from?

A

Chitin

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23
Q

What are plant cell walls made from?

A

Cellulose

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24
Q

What is the Golgi made up of?

A

Stack of membranes (cisternae)

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25
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

Sorts, modifies, packages and secretes proteins

26
Q

When part of the cisternae in Golgi bud of what is formed?

A

Vesticles

27
Q

What do vesticles do?

A

Transport substances across the cell

28
Q

How are lysosomes formed?

A

By budding off the Golgi apparatus

29
Q

What enzymes do lysosomes contain?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes- break down molecules by hydrolysis
Digestive enzymes- break down harmful materials

30
Q

What size are the ribosomes in prokaryotes?

A

70s

31
Q

What shape is the DNA in prokaryotes?

A

Circular- doesn’t form chromosomes

32
Q

What plasmid and what cell type is it found in?

A

Small loops of DNA
Bacteria -which is a prokaryote

33
Q

What is the region of the cytoplasm that contains DNA called?

A

Nucleoid

34
Q

What is the cell membrane of prokaryotes made up of?

A

Phospholipids and proteins

35
Q

What’s a mesosome and its function?

A

Infolded membranes to increase surface area for more acellular respiration

36
Q

What a capsule?

A

Goes around outside of the cell wall of bacteria (prokaryote) to protect it from phagocytosis

37
Q

What helps viruses to enter a host cell?

A

Attachment proteins

38
Q

What the capsid in viruses ?

A

A protective protein coat that surrounds the viral genetic material

39
Q

Viruses are non living. What does this mean?

A

They can’t reproduce on their own (they’re acellular)

40
Q

What’s a viron?

A

A complet virus particle

41
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Binary fission:
Circular DNA & plasmids replicate
Cell grows & DNA loop moves to opposite poles of the cell
Cytoplasm begins to divide & new cell wall begins to form
Cytoplasm splits - two daughter cells are produced

42
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

Viral replication:
Virus attached to host cells receptor proteins
Virus penetrates its genetic material into host cell
Genetic material is replicated by the host cells machinery
Viral components assemble
Replicated viruses release from the host cell

43
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

Where cells are broken up so the different organelles inside are exposed

44
Q

What will form the pellet at a low speed spin in ultracentrifugation?

A

Most dense organelles- nuclei

45
Q

What will form the pellet at a high speed spin during ultracentrifugation?

A

Least dense organelles- ribosomes

46
Q

What does homogenation do in the process of cell fractionation?

A

Breaks down the cell wall / membrane to expose the organelles

47
Q

What does a homogeniser do?

A

‘Blend’ the tissue to form a homogenate- the resultant fluid

48
Q

What does a centrifuge do?

A

Spins test tubes with the homogenate in

49
Q

Why is the homogenate filtered in the process of cell fractionation?

A

To remove any cellular debris

50
Q

What is a supernatant, in cell fractionation?

A

The fluid that is re-spun to separate less dense organelles

51
Q

Why is tissue placed in a cold, isotonic buffer solution, in cell fractionation?

A

Cold- reduce enzyme activity, that would break down organelles
Isotonic- to keep the same water level inside and outside of the cells= prevent osmosis= stops cell from bursting
Buffer- maintain constant pH= prevent proteins from denaturing

52
Q

Advantages of using a light microscope

A

Can see live specimen
Portable
Cheaper

53
Q

Disadvantages of using a light microscope

A

Limited resolution and magnification
Have to use a stain to make the specimen visible- transparent otherwise

54
Q

What’s an artefact?

A

Something seen through a microscope that shouldn’t be there (fingerprint)

55
Q

Advantages of using a transmission electron microscope

A

Produced detailed 2D image of inside the cell
Can see organelles
Highest magnification- x50million

56
Q

Disadvantages of using a transmission electron microscope

A

Specimen must be really thin
Time consuming to set up
Specialist training required to use it
Specimen must be dead

57
Q

Advantages of using a scanning electron microscope

A

Produces a detailed 3D image of the surface of tissues
Samples don’t have to be very thin
Little sample prep
Easier to use

58
Q

Disadvantages of using a scanning electron microscope

A

Specimen must be dead
Needs to be coated in metal

59
Q

The equation for magnification:

A

Magnification= image size ÷ actual size

60
Q

What is magnification?

A

Making an image of an object larger than the object really is

Biology (2 decks)

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