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Biology > Carbohydrates - Topic 1.a > Flashcards

Carbohydrates - Topic 1.a Flashcards

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1
Q

How many carbons does glucose have?

A

6

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2
Q

How many oxygens does glucose have?

A

6

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3
Q

How many hydrogens does glucose have?

A

12

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4
Q

What’s alpha-glucose?

A

This hydroxyl (O-H) on carbon 1 is facing down

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5
Q

What’s beta-glucose?

A

When the hydroxyl (O-H) on carbon 1 is facing up

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6
Q

What’s a monosaccharide?

A

One sugar (e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose)

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7
Q

What’s two monomers?

A

A disaccharide (e.g. maltose, sucrose, lactose)

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8
Q

What are two types of sugars, that makes a carbohydrate?

A

Monosaccharide & disaccharide

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9
Q

What’s a polysaccharide?

A

polymers that are formed by many monosaccharides (joined by a glycosidic bond in a condensation reaction)

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10
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

when a water molecule is removed

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11
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

when a water molecule is added

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12
Q

What disaccharide is made when two glucose molecules join?

A

maltose

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13
Q

What disaccharide is made when glucose and fructose join?

A

sucrose

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14
Q

What disaccharide is formed when glucose and galactose join?

A

lactose

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15
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

By a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides- a glycosidic bond is formed between carbon 1 of one of the monomers and carbon 4 of the other monomer

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16
Q

How are disaccharides broken down?

A

by a hydrolysis reaction- breaks down the glycosidic bond between carbon 1 and carbon 4 to form two monosaccharides

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17
Q

Name three carbohydrates

A

startch
glycogen
cellulose

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18
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

long-chain polymers of monosaccharides connected by glycosidic bonds (loads of glucose molecules bonded by glycosidic bonds to form a long-chain)

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19
Q

what is the function of starch?

A

plants store excess glucose as starch

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20
Q

what is the function of glycogen?

A

animals store glucose as glycogen- its broken down by the hormone glucagon when blood sugar levels are low and the body needds glucose

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21
Q

what is the function of cellulose?

A

provides support for cells

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22
Q

characteristics of amylose starch…

A

~ long, unbranched chain of alpha-glucose
~ coiled structure = compact = good for storage

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23
Q

characteristics of amylopectin starch…

A

~ long, branched chain of alpha-glucose
~ side branches = allow enzymes that break down the molecule to get to the glycosidic bonds easily = glucose can be released quickly when it is needed

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24
Q

characteristics of glycogen…

A

~ made of alpha-glucose
~ loads of side branches = stored glucose can be released quickly, as bonds are easily reached
~ compact molecule = good for storage

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25
Q

characteristics of cellulose…

A

~ long, unbranched chains of beta-glucose
~ when the b-glucose form they form straight rows of cellulose chains, linked together by hydrogen bonds = a microfibril

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26
Q

what is a microfibril?

A

a strand of cellulose molecules connected by hydrogen bonds

27
Q

what bond is created when two glucose molecules join (condensation reaction)?

A

glycosidic bond

28
Q

what carbon atoms are utilised in the reactions of monosaccharides?

A

carbon 1 and carbon 4

29
Q

what is the role of lipids in plants?

A

~ make up most of the cell membrane
~ waxes on the surface of the leaf
~ make up essential oils in plants

30
Q

what is the role of lipids in animals?

A

~ formation of vesticles, in cells
~ cell membrane
~ energy storage in fat cells
~ insulation (around nerve cell axons - myelin sheath)

31
Q

What does the ‘emulsion test’ test for?

A

lipids

32
Q

list the steps of the emulsion test

A

~ put the sample in a test tube
~ add ethanol
~ shake
~ add water
~ if it turns cloudy, lipids are present

33
Q

when doing the emulsion test, how can you tell if lipids are present in the sample?

A

it turns cloudy

34
Q

what forms a triglyceride?

A

3 fatty acid chains & 1 glycerol molecule

35
Q

How many carbon atoms are there in one glycerol molecule?

A

3 (with 4 bonds each)

36
Q

how many oxygen atoms are there in one glycerol molecule?

A

3 - each one bonded to a carbon

37
Q

how many hydrogen atoms are there in one glycerol molecule?

A

8 - 3 of them bonded to oxygen and the others bonded to the carbons

38
Q

how many bonds does a carbon atom always have?

A

4 bonds (on each carbon)

39
Q

how many bonds does an oxygen atom always have?

A

2 bonds

40
Q

how many bonds does a hydrogen atom always have?

A

1 bond (on each hydrogen)

41
Q

what one fatty acid molecule made up of?

A

14-22 carbons
6 hydrogens
2 oxygens - one with a double bond with a carbon

42
Q

what type of bond is formed from a condensation reaction when a triglyceride is formed?

A

an ester bond

43
Q

what is a polymerisation reaction?

A

Many units joining

44
Q

how is a triglycerol formed?

A

a condensation reaction between 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

45
Q

how many water molecules are formed in the condensation reaction of glycerol and three fatty acids?

A

3

46
Q

does a saturated fatty acid have double bonds?

A

no

47
Q

does an unsaturated fatty acid have double bonds?

A

yes

48
Q

what type of fatty acid has a low melting point, and why?

A

unsaturated fatty acids, because they have kinks in them due to the double bonds = less dense = easier to seperare and melt

49
Q

do saturated fatty acids have a high or low melting point?

A

high melting point, as they are closer together and more compact = more dense = harder to separate and melt

50
Q

are liquid fats, like oils, unsaturated or saturated fatty acids?

A

unsaturated

51
Q

whats an example of a saturated fatty acid?

A

solid fats (butter, cheese)

52
Q

can other molecules join to an unsaturated fatty acid chain?

A

yes, due to there double bonds

53
Q

is there any room for other bonds on a saturated fatty acid?

A

no, because it is saturated with hydrogen - no double bonds

54
Q

what is a phospholipid made up of?

A

1 glycerol
2 fatty acid chains
phosphate head

55
Q

what does hydrophilic mean?

A

attracted to water

56
Q

what does hydrophobic mean?

A

repelled by water / avoid water

57
Q

what is the head of a phospholipid and is it hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

~ the head of a phospholipid is the glycerol molecule and the phosphate head
~ its hydrophilic

58
Q

what is the tail of a phospholipid and is it hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

~ the phospholipid tail is the two fatty acid chains
~ its hydrophobic (avoids water)

59
Q

what’s the lysosome (type of vesticle) membrane made of?

A

single phospholipid bilayer

60
Q

What is a phospholipid bilayer sheet also known as?

A

cell membrane

61
Q

what way do the phospholipid heads face inside the cell membrane, and why?

A

towards the cytoplasm
~ because it’s mainly water and they are hydrophilic (attracted to water) and want to protect the hydrophobic tails (which are repelled by water)

62
Q

what way do the phospholipid heads face outside the cell membrane, and why?

A

towards the tissue fluid
~ because its mainly water- they’re hydrophilliic & want to protect the hydrophobic tails

63
Q

what way do the phospholipid tails face in a phospholipiid bilayer (cell membrane)?

A

the tails (of the two rows of phospholipids) face towards each other
~ they’re hydrophobic (repelled by water) & they are protected from the water inside the cell (cytoplasm) and outside the cell (tissue fluid) by the heads

Biology (2 decks)

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