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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Cell structure pt. 2 (exam 2) > Flashcards

Cell structure pt. 2 (exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what’s the difference between translating mRNA on a ribosome on the rough ER vs a ribosome that’s loose in the cytoplasm

A
  • if you’re being made on the membrane you’ll have something to do with the membrane
    ex:
  • embedded in membrane
  • secreted
  • part of organelles that are surrounded by a membrane
    ex: free enzyme or a protein used by the exoskeleton
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2
Q

function of ribosomes found on the surface of the rough ER

A

they carry out translation

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3
Q

function of kinesin in microtubules

A
  • transport of vesicles

anterograde vs retrograde

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4
Q

anterograde

A

toward cell membrane (moving something out of the cell)

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5
Q

retrograde

A

toward cell body

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6
Q

_____ triggers retrograde

A

rabies

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7
Q

list the structure of a kinesin

A

tail = affinity for transport vesicles
stalk= 2 strands, twisted,tension buildup
head

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8
Q

briefly explain how kinesins work

A
  • “walks along a microtubule track”

- walks the vesicle all the way to the end

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9
Q

vesicle transport is _____

A

highly enzyme dependent

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10
Q

microtubules: centrosomes and kinetochore

FUNCTION

A
  • direction of chromosome movement

- highly ATP dependent

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11
Q

centrosome

A
  • microtubule

- contains the centrioles from which the spindle fibers develop

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12
Q

kinetochore

A
  • microtubule
  • provides the major attachment point for the spindle microtubules during mitotic or meiotic division to pull the chromosomes apart
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13
Q

Colchicine at higher doses

A
  • treat inflammatory response
  • for cancer
  • interferes w microtubule formation, therefore can’t form spindle fibers and stops mitosis
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14
Q

colchicine at lower doses

A
  • can harm immune cells
  • blocks the highway, affects transport
  • used for immune diseases
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15
Q

which cells are the most susceptible for colchicine

A

the ones that are doing the most work

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16
Q

cilia, flagella, and dynein

A
  • directs movement of cell or movement of material over cell surface
  • microtubules
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17
Q

Dynein

A
  • partly embedded in tubulin fiber
  • microtubule based
  • power a wide variety of motile processes within eukaryotic cells (includes cilia and flagella)
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18
Q

cilia

A
  • 2 types: non motile and motile
  • on the surface of many cells
  • hair like, helps move things across the surface of a cell
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19
Q

flagella

A
  • motility organelle that enables movement and chemotaxis
20
Q

basement membrane and function

A
  • this is in the ECM

- anchors down the epithelium to its loose connective tissue

21
Q

location of basement membrane

A

between the epidermis and the dermis.

22
Q

integral membrane proteins

A

proteins that span the entire length of the membrane

23
Q

what connects the ICM to the ECM

A

laminin

fibronectin

24
Q

what happens when you increase the laminin ratio

A

increases cellular quiescence (when cells don’t replicate)

25
Q

passive or active transport?

endocytosis

A

active

26
Q

passive or active transport?

exocytosis

A

active

27
Q

passive or active transport?

cell membrane or the sodium-potassium pump

A

active

28
Q

passive or active transport?

osmosis

A

passive

29
Q

passive or active transport?

diffusion

A

passive

30
Q

passive or active transport? facilitated diffusion

A

passive

31
Q

diffusion

A

the movement of molecules with a gradient

  • passive process
  • doesn’t require energy
32
Q

osmosis

A
  • the diffusion of water across a membrane

- small quantities of water do diffuse

33
Q

what does kidney filtration depend on?

A

certain cells being impenetrable to water

34
Q

facilitated diffusion is also known as

A

carrier-mediated transport

35
Q

facilitated diffusion

A
  • passive transport
  • uses integral membrane proteins as channels
  • demonstrates specificity (Ex: Na+, K+, water, etc)
  • can be open to allow free diffusion or closed (Gated) to restrict diffusion
36
Q

aquaporins

A
  • non gated
    channels that allow for osmosis
  • open channels
37
Q

distribution of aquaporins in kidney membranes are regulated by..

A

hormones

38
Q

active transport

A
  • moves against gradient
  • uses pumps to concentrate molecules
  • requires energy
  • utilizes integral membrane proteins
39
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A
  • stimulated by specific ligand binding receptor molecules
  • receptors have G protein signaling (use 2nd messengers)
  • triggers vesicle formation by clathrin
  • requires energy
40
Q

explain clathrin binding

A
  • clathrin binding is stabilized by adaptors.
41
Q

dynamin

A
  • clips off the vesicle in receptor mediated endocytosis
42
Q

pinocytosis

A
  • endocytosis
  • intake of extracellular fluid
  • requires energy
    vesicle formed through the action of actin fibers
43
Q

explain endocytosis via receptor mediated/viral attack

A
  1. viral particles bind to receptors
  2. tricks cell into internalizing virus
  3. virus entry is specific to cell receptors (there’s specificity to attack)
    requires energy
44
Q

exocytosis

A
  • transport vesicles released from golgi
  • anchored to membrane by SNARE complex
  • fusion causes secretion of contents
  • can be constant or unregulated
45
Q

regulated exocytosis

A

requires a signal Ca2+

- has to trigger SNARE

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (4 decks)

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