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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Cell Structure (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Cell Structure (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Basic cell structure of prokaryotes/bacteria

A

genetic material: single, circular (not in nucleus, in a nuclear region), double stranded DNA
cytoplasm
cell membrane
some may also have a cell wall which provides additional protection

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2
Q

List the cell structures that prokaryotes/bacteria MAY have

A 
plasmids
pili
fimbriae
flagella 
capsule
endospore
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3
Q

how are most bacteria classified?

A

by their cell wall type

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4
Q

how can cell wall type be determined?

A

by gram staining

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5
Q

how can cell wall type be determined?

A

by gram staining

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6
Q

Different cell types are susceptible to different _____

A

antibiotics

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7
Q

gram positive

A 
stains purple 
thick peptidoglycan layer
rigid
stronger 
thin LPS
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8
Q

Gram negative

A

stains pink
thin peptidoglycan layer
thick lipopolysaccharide layer

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9
Q

List the strategies an antibiotic uses to affect bacterial cells

A
  1. interference with cell wall: lose integrity
  2. Blocking of ribosome activity: if ribosomes don’t work, they can’t make the cell wall, produce well, etc
  3. Blocking of DNA synthesis
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10
Q

Cephalosporins + an example

A

Keflex

affect peptidoglycan synthesis

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11
Q

Penicillins

A

affect peptidoglycan synthesis

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12
Q

Tetracyclines

A

bind ribosomes

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13
Q

Macrolides + example

A

zithromax

bind ribosomes

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14
Q

Lipopolysaccharide

A
  • LPS
  • major component of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria
  • induce inflammation in animals.
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15
Q

Peptidoglycan

A
  • has polysaccharide and protein chains
  • found in bacterial cell walls
  • maintains cell shape
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16
Q

Explain the significance of the eukaryotic cell size and complexity

A

It allows them to contain internal compartmentalization/organelles.
This allows it to have specific regions to adjust the pH based off of the enzymes present.

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17
Q

*Nuclear envelope w/ pores

A

double membrane

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18
Q

*Nucleoplasm

A

only exists in interphase

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19
Q

composition of nucleus in eukaryotic cells

A

nuclear envelope w/ pores
nucleoplasm
nucleolus
chromatin

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20
Q

Function of nucleus in eukaryotic cells

A

protects DNA
initiates replication
carries out transcription

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21
Q

function of rough ER in eukaryotic cells

A

carries out translation
modifies proteins
(attached to nucleus and contains ribosomes)

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22
Q

composition of golgi apparatus

A 
incoming vesicle 
Cis surface 
Cistern
Trans surface
outgoing vesicle
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23
Q

Function of golgi apparatus

A

modifies, activates, and packages proteins

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24
Q

Nuclear envelope w/ pores

A
  • bilipid membrane (double membrane)
  • in eukaryotes, not prokaryotes
  • nuclear pores control the movement of molecules between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
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25
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

only exists in interphase

  • contained by nuclear envelope
  • has nuclear bodies, chromosomes, and nuclear matrix
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26
Q

*Nucleolus

A
  • within the nucleus
  • has proteins, DNA, and RNA
  • creation of ribosomes
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27
Q

list the components of a mitochondria

A

DNA, ribosomes, matrix, outer membrane, inner membrane, F0 and F1 complexes, cristae junction, intermembrane space

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28
Q

Intermembrane space of mitochondria

A

has a lower pH than the matrix because it’s pumping in H+ ions

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29
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • double membraned structure
  • has specialized pHs and within the mitochondria itself, has 2 regions with different pHs
  • site of aerobic respiration
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30
Q

DNA in mitochondria

A

the mother’s DNA. Can link you to your mother (Grandma, etc) based off of a mitochondrial DNA analysis

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31
Q

mitochondrial ribosomes

A

more similar to prokaryotic ribosomes than eukaryotic ribosomes

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32
Q

functions of lysosome

A
  1. breakdown/digestion of macromolecules
  2. cell membrane repairs
  3. responses against foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, and other antigens
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33
Q

explain what happens when food is eaten or absorbed by the cell (lysosomes)

A
  • releases its enzymes to break down complex molecules including sugars and proteins into usable energy needed by the cell to surface
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34
Q

explain what happens if no food is provided (lysosomes)

A
  • enzymes digest other organelles within the cell in order to obtain the necessary nutrients
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35
Q

composition of lysosomes

A
  • lipids which make up the membrane

- proteins which make up the enzymes within the membrane

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36
Q

where are lysosomes found

A
  • found in all animal cells

- rarely found within plant cells due to the tough cell wall surrounding a plant cell

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37
Q

functions of peroxisomes

A
  1. catalyze fatty acids
  2. detoxifies hydrogen peroxide (an oxygen radical that can be dangerous to the cell)
  3. detoxifies alcohol
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38
Q

definition of peroxisomes

A

vesicles containing degradative enzymes

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39
Q

definition of lysosomes

A

vesicles containing digestive enzymes

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40
Q

where are lysosomes produced

A

produced by the golgi apparatus

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41
Q

functions of peroxisomes

A
  1. catalyze (breakdown) fatty acids
  2. detoxifies hydrogen peroxide (an oxygen radical that can be dangerous to the cell)
  3. detoxifies alcohol
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42
Q

how are peroxisomes produced

A

by the growth and subdivision of existing peroxisomes

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43
Q

what the most abundant enzyme within the peroxisome and what does it do?

A

catalase. it breaks down the hydrogen peroxide that’s produced by the enzyme, into oxygen and water.

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44
Q

where are peroxisomes found?

A

they’re present in all cells but their numbers are highest in metabolically active cells such as liver cells

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45
Q

list the components of a peroxisome

A

peroxisome membrane
enzyme core
peroxisome lumen

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46
Q

hydrogen peroxide

A

an oxygen radical that can be dangerous to the cell

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47
Q

Peroxisomes have a more _______ than lysosomes

A

neutral pH

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48
Q

microvilli

A

extensions of the plasma membrane containing microfilaments

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49
Q

proteasomes

A
  • made of proteins
  • a protein degradation “machine” in the cell that can digest a variety of proteins into short polypeptides and AAs
  • requires ATP
50
Q

major functions of microfilaments

A
  1. anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the plasma membrane (more strength)
  2. Determines the consistency of the cytoplasm (if they’re dense, cytoplasm is gelatinous. if they’re dispersed, more fluid)
  3. actin can produce movement of a portion of a cell or change the shape of the entire cell by interacting with the protein myosin
51
Q

function of gap junctions?

A

allow for direct communication between adjacent cell

52
Q

where are gap junctions located?

A

below the adhesion belt

53
Q

how are gap junctions formed

A

by connexin proteins

54
Q

where can you find gap junctions?

A
  • called intercalated discs in cardiac muscle

- electrical synapse in the nervous system

55
Q

electrical synapse

A

don’t use NTs to go across a space. They can’t be modified and happen very rapidly

56
Q

Integral proteins

A
  • firmly attached in the plasma membrane, with its hydrophobic component interacting with the phospholipids.
  • enter the hydrophobic space within the cell membrane
57
Q

Peripheral proteins

A
  • interact with the surface of the lipid bilayer of cell membranes
  • don’t enter the hydrophobic space within cell membrane
58
Q

Carrier proteins

A
  • proteins that carry substances from one side of a biological membrane to the other
  • type of membrane transport protein.
59
Q

free ribosomes

A

present in the cytosol. not attached to any structure

60
Q

membrane bound ribosomes

A

attached to the rough ER

61
Q

channel proteins

A
  • type of membrane transport protein
  • embeds in the cell membrane
  • makes a hydrophilic passageway for water and small, polar ions to go through.
62
Q

definition of cell junctions

A
  • fusion point between 2 cells

- protein complexes that connect cells

63
Q

functions of cell junctions

A
  1. stabilize tissue structure
  2. form impenetrable barriers between cells
  3. allow for communication between cells
64
Q

list the cell junctions

A

tight

65
Q

what do tight junctions form

A
  • a selective barrier
66
Q

the junction region in tight junctions is called the…

A

zona occludins

67
Q

where does the tight junction attach to? what’s the significance of this

A

microfilaments (actin). This is a signal to the cell that it has to connect with another cell

68
Q

where are tight junctions located

A
  • closer to the apical surface (near the top of the cell)
69
Q

what carries out the process of fusion in tight junctions?

A

claudin and occludin proteins

70
Q

what regulates the degree of fusion (tightness) in tight junctions?

A

phosphorylation

71
Q

phosphorylation of tyrosine in tight junctions does what

A

loosens the junction

72
Q

phosphorylation of threonine does what to the tight junction

A

tightens it

73
Q

phosphorylation of threonine does what to the tight junction

A

tightens it

74
Q

plasma membrane definition + functions

A
  • a selectively permeable barrier which maintains the intracellular environment
  • regulation of nutrients into the cell
  • removal of wastes
75
Q

what characteristics impact the degree of permeability to a specific molecule and method of transport?

A
  • solubility/charge
  • molecular size (can it diffuse easily? can it go through a channel)
  • gradient (with a concentration gradient is easier than against a gradient)
76
Q

what characteristics impact the degree of permeability to a specific molecule and method of transport?

A
  • solubility/charge
  • molecular size (can it diffuse easily? can it go through a channel)
  • gradient (with a concentration gradient is easier than against a gradient)
77
Q

where are desmosomes found?

A

closer to the basal surface and attach to intermediate filaments

78
Q

where are adherens (adhesion belts) found?

A

inferior to the tight junctions and attached to microfilaments

79
Q

How is adheren junction and desmosome fusion carried out?

A

by various cadherin proteins.

80
Q

what forms adherin belts and desmosomes

A

cadherin

81
Q

what does adheren do?

A

adds strength to the tissue

82
Q

Where do hemisdesmosomes connect to?

A

ECM

83
Q

Cadherin proteins

A

include desmocollin and desmoglein

84
Q

desmocollin and desmogelin

A
  • thick fibers that reinforce

- attached to intermediate filaments

85
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A
  • when you use the same structure ot attach to the basement membrane
  • there’s no desmosome formation from another cell
  • 1/2 desmosomes
  • found locking into the basement membranes
86
Q

are desmosomes larger or smaller than adherens

A

larger

87
Q

tight junctions form ____, while adherens/desmosomes _________

A

barriers. strengthen

88
Q

They bring the cell close enough together so that it’s almost fused: what kind of junction

A

tight junction

89
Q

what’s the purpose of a cell junction?

A

to connect one cell to the next for communication so there can be a direct pore between 2 cells.

90
Q

what are the functions of intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton?

A
  • movement
  • support (Ex: keratin)
  • communication (link from cytoskeleton to exoskeleton)
  • adhesion (Ex: desmosomes)
91
Q

Myosin

A
  • intermediate filament fiber

- for movement

92
Q

Keratin

A
  • inside the cell
  • protection
  • intermediate filament
93
Q

“catch all group”

A

intermediate filament

94
Q

Intermediate filaments are a diverse population of _____

A

proteins

95
Q

Intermediate filaments are a diverse population of _____

A

proteins

96
Q

what are microfilaments composed of?

A

actin. F actin and G actin

97
Q

functions of microfilaments

A
  • maintains shape/tension of cell
  • contraction/movement
  • communication with ECM
  • organizes cytosol contents
98
Q

what happens if a cell loses shape?

A

it becomes spherical

99
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

in the cytosol

100
Q

where are all glycolytic enzymes stuck to?

A

microfilaments

101
Q

actin

A

exists in 2 forms. G actin and F actin

102
Q

G actin

A
  • globular actin
  • monomer of F actin
  • soluble
103
Q

F actin

A
  • fibrous actin
  • insoluble
  • double stranded
104
Q

where is there a reservoir of G actin?

A

in the cytoplasm

105
Q

what happens when G actin binds with other G actins?

A

it becomes F actin which is insoluble

106
Q

cytoskeleton

A

fibers that run through the cell

107
Q

what are the categories of cytoskeletal fibers?

A
  1. microfilaments (smallest diameter)
  2. microtubules
  3. intermediate filaments
108
Q

what are the categories of cytoskeletal fibers?

A
  1. microfilaments (smallest diameter)
  2. microtubules
  3. intermediate filaments
109
Q

what are microtubules composed of?

A

tubulin dimers

110
Q

function of microtubules

A
  • transport highways for (transport) vesicles (they’re directional, on one side you go one direction, if you want to go opposite direction have to go on opposite side)
  • directs movement of chromosomes (spindle fiber is made of tubulin)
  • flagella and cilia (tubulin gives us this)
111
Q

what do microtubulins require?

A

MAPS

112
Q

MAPs

A
  • microtubule associated proteins
  • require ATP to do the movement
  • tubulin itself can’t move so it needs this protein
    sometimes called motor proteins
113
Q

facilitated diffusion

A
  • diffusion of solutes through proteins in the plasma membrane
114
Q

what kind of transport is facilitated transport?

A

passive because the solute is moving down the concentration gradient

115
Q

what are the types of transport proteins that are involved in facilitated diffusion?

A

channel proteins
gated channel proteins
carrier proteins

116
Q

channel proteins

A
  • act like a pore in the membrane
  • lets water or small ions through quickly
  • ex: aquaporins
  • ex: voltage gated ion channels
117
Q

gated channel protein

A
  • transport protein that opens a gate, allowing a molecule to pass through the membrane
  • binding site is specific to a molecule/ion
118
Q

example of gated channel protein

A

the sodium gated channels of a nerve cell are stimulated by a chemical signal which causes them to open and allow sodium ions into the cell

119
Q

carrier protein

A
  • transport protein that is specific for an ion, molecule, or group of substances
  • carry the ion or molecule across the membrane by CHANGING SHAPE after binding of the ion or molecule
120
Q

what kind of transport are carrier proteins

A

involved in passive and active transport

121
Q

what do gated channels respond to?

A 
specific stimuli like
- charge differential 
ligand binding (hormone or signals)
- mechanical stress (when membrane is distorted)

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (4 decks)

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