Cell structure (plants and animals) Flashcards
membranous structures in cytoplasm known as
internal cell membranes
organelle
specialised structure with a specific function inside a cell
eukaryotic cells having organelles means
-harmful chemicals concentrated in one area
-large SA for attachment of enzymes
-transport system inside the cell
size of animal cell
10-30 µm
size of plant cell
10-100µm
mitochondria size
1-10µm
how many membranes in mitochondria
2
inner and outer membrane fold inwards to form
cristae
cristae function
increase SA for attachment of respiration enzymes
matrix
solution of many compounds(proteins, lipids) and enzymes
DNA in mitochondria
small circle of DNA, allows replication and coding for proteins and RNA
mitochondria ribosomes
70s, used for protein synthesis
mitochondria function and adaptation
produce ATP in aerobic respiration in either matrix or inner membrane
high SA:V ratio due to being cylinder= reduces diffusion distance
endoplasmic reticulum
extensive system of parallel double membrane forming flattened sacs with cisternae
connected with nuclear envelope so allows transport
cisternae
interconnected, fluid filled spaces between flattened sacs
rough er
ribosomes outside and transports proteins made there
what kind of cells
rough er location
present in protein synthetic cells, eg. amylase makers
smooth er
no ribosomes
smooth er function
synthesis and transport of lipids and steroids
cells with large quantities of carbs, proteins and fats have
an extensive ER
ribosome sizes in eukaryotic vs prokaryotic
70s in prokaryotic
80s in eukaryotic- single or attached to membranes on RER
ribosome structure
1 large, 1 small subunit assembled in the nucleolus from RNA and protein
where are ribosomes found
free in cytoplasm or bound to er
ribosome function
protein synthesis: site of translation, mRNA and tRNA are used to assemble pp chain
golgi apparatus structure
compact version of er
series of dynamic flattened sacs which package proteins for secretion
Golgi apparatus vesicles before modification
vesicles containing polypeptides pinch from RER and fuse with the Golgi membranes
golgi apparatus secretion
at the other end of the GA, vesicles are pinched off and carry proteins to fuse with membranes, secreting proteins
golgi apparatus function
-producing secretory enzymes and carbs
-transport and store lipids
producing glycoprotein
-forming lysosomes
lysosome function
small, single celled temporary vacuoles that isolate potentially harmful digestive enzymes
they are released when the cell needs to recycle organelles or digest material
centrioles structure
in all animal cells outside the nucleus
2 rings of microtubules= hollow perpendicular cylinders, known as centrosome
centriole function
organise the microtubules that make the spindle fibres in cell division
chloroplasts
highly concentrated in the palisade mesophyll cells bellow upper surface of plant
aid with photosynthesis
chloroplast structure
double membrane- chloroplast envelope
stroma- fluid filled with some starch and liquid
thylakoids- flattened sacs stacked in pieces called grana, contains
pigments
70s ribosomes+circular DNA
vacuoles in plants
plants- large consisting of fluid filled, single membrane sac
—-> contains cell sap
supports soft plant tissue
cell sap content
vitamins
minerals
amino acids
glucose
pigments
vacuoles in animals
small temporary vesicles formed during phagocytosis
nucleus size
10-20µm
nucleus structure
spherical, contains DNA and protein
double membrane= nuclear envelope
nucleoplasm- contains chromatin
nucleolus- 1+ spherical bodies
DNA+ protein
chromosomes
chromatin
coils of DNA bound to protein which condense to form chrosomes
nuclear envelope adaptation
pores allow large molecules like mRNA and ribosomes to enter
nucleolus function
site of formation of rRNA
what organelles are only in plants
**chloroplasts
**plasmodesmata
tonoplast
**cell wall
**large permanent vacuole
plants and animal cells both have
-cell surface membrane
-membrane bound nucleus
-nucleolus
-chromatin
-mitochondria
-RER and SER
-ribosomes
-golgi body
what organelles are only in animal
lysosome
centriole
