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Cell structure and organisation > Cell structure and organisation > Flashcards

Cell structure and organisation Flashcards

1
Q

membranous structures in cytoplasm known as

A

internal cell membranes

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2
Q

organelle

A

specialised structure with a specific function inside a cell

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3
Q

eukaryotic cells having organelles means

A

-harmful chemicals concentrated in one area
-large SA for attachment of enzymes
-transport system inside the cell

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4
Q

size of animal cell

A

10-30 µm

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5
Q

size of plant cell

A

10-100µm

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6
Q

mitochondria size

A

1-10µm

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7
Q

how many membranes in mitochondria

A

2

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8
Q

inner and outer membrane fold inwards to form

A

cristae

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9
Q

cristae function

A

increase SA for attachment of respiration enzymes

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10
Q

matrix

A

solution of many compounds(proteins, lipids) and enzymes

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11
Q

DNA in mitochondria

A

small circle of DNA, allows replication and coding for proteins and RNA

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12
Q

mitochondria ribosomes

A

70s, used for protein synthesis

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13
Q

mitochondria function

A

produce ATP in aerobic respiration in either matrix or inner membrane
high SA:V ratio due to being cylinder= reduces diffusion distance

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14
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

extensive system of parallel double membrane forming flattened sacs with cisternae
connected with nuclear envelope so allows transport

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15
Q

cisternae

A

interconnected, fluid filled spaces between flattened sacs

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16
Q

rough er

A

ribosomes outside and transports proteins made there

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17
Q

rough er function

A

present in protein synthetic cells, eg. amylase makers

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18
Q

smooth er

A

no ribosomes

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19
Q

smooth er function

A

synthesis and transport of lipids and steroids

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20
Q

cells with large quantities of carbs, proteins and fats have

A

an extensive ER

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21
Q

ribosome sizes in eukaryotic vs prokaryotic

A

70s in prokaryotic
80s in eukaryotic- single or attached to membranes on RER

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22
Q

ribosome structure

A

1 large, 1 small subunit assembled in the nucleolus from RNA and protein

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23
Q

where are ribosomes found

A

free in cytoplasm or bound to er

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24
Q

ribosome function

A

protein synthesis: site of translation, mRNA and tRNA are used to assemble pp chain

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25
golgi apparatus structure
compact version of er series of dynamic flattened sacs which package proteins for secretion
26
dynamic flattened sacs of golgi
pp vesicles pinch from RER and fuse with the membranes
27
golgi apparatus secretion
at the other end of the GA, vesicles are pinched off and carry proteins to fuse with membranes, secreting proteins
28
golgi apparatus function
-producing secretory enzymes and carbs -transport and store lipids producing glycoprotein -forming lysosomes
29
lysosome function
small, single celled temporary vacuoles that isolate potentially harmful digestive enzymes they are released when the cell needs to recycle organelles or digest material
30
centrioles structure
in all animal cells outside the nucleus 2 rings of microtubules= hollow perpendicular cylinders, known as centrosome
31
centriole function
**organise the microtubules that make the spindle fibres** in cell division
32
chloroplasts
highly concentrated in the palisade mesophyll cells bellow upper surface of plant aid with photosynthesis
33
chloroplast structure
double membrane- chloroplast envelope stroma- fluid filled with some starch and liquid thylakoids- flattened sacs stacked in pieces called grana, contains pigments 70s ribosomes+circular DNA
34
vacuoles in plants
plants- large consisting of fluid filled, single membrane sac ----> contains cell sap supports soft plant tissue
35
cell sap content
vitamins minerals amino acids glucose pigments
36
vacuoles in animals
small temporary vesicles formed during phagocytosis
37
nucleus size
10-20µm
38
nucleus structure
spherical, contains DNA and protein double membrane= nuclear envelope nucleoplasm- contains chromatin nucleolus- 1+ spherical bodies
39
DNA+ protein
chromosomes
40
chromatin
coils of DNA bound to protein which condense to form chrosomes
41
nuclear envelope adaptation
pores allow large molecules like mRNA and ribosomes to enter
42
nucleolus function
site of formation of rRNA
43
what organelles are only in plants
****chloroplasts ****plasmodesmata tonoplast ****cell wall ****large permanent vacuole
44
plants and animal cells both have
-cell surface membrane -membrane bound nucleus -nucleolus -chromatin -mitochondria -RER and SER -ribosomes -golgi body
45
what organelles are only in animal
lysosome centriole
46
1 protein production: DNA uncoils and is used to make
mRNA
47
2 protein production: what allows mRNA to escape the nucleus
nuclear pore
48
3 protein production: what is created to help ribosome synthesis
rRNA
49
4 protein production: ---- attaches to ribosomes to help create protein
mRNA
50
5 protein production: rough endoplasmic reticulum...
packages proteins into vesicles
51
6 protein production: what further packages proteins by....
Golgi apparatus packages by modification
52
7 protein production: vesicle is transported towards
cell membrane
53
8 protein production: vesicle leaves the cell, also known as
exocytosis
54
9 protein production: what provides atp
mitochondria
55
prokaryotes have no nucleus or internal membranes so have no
membrane bound organelles
56
prokaryotes are
unicellular and acellular
57
eukaryote
organism containing cells with membrane bound organelles with DNA in the nucleus
58
site of aerobic respiration in prokaryotes
plasma membrane
59
prokaryote size vs eukaryotes
pro- 1-10 micrometers eu- 10-100 micrometers
60
prokaryote ribosomes vs eukaryotes
pro- 70s free in cytoplasm eu- 80s free or attached to er
61
mesosomes and function
infoldings of the plasma membrane that increase the sa, used for respiration
62
capsule prokaryotic
protective outer layer against phagocytosis
63
plasmids prokaryotic
small circular DNA with genes for antibiotic resistance
64
viruses are...
non living and acellular very small use a host cell to reproduce use DNA/RNA for replication
65
viruses are obligate parasites, this is because
they dont have the metabolic capabilities to create their own energy or dna so have to use a host
66
virus structure
core of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat and SOME have an outer lipoprotein envelope, e.g., HIV
67
virus diseases in humans, plants, birds and others
human: flu, chickenpox, cold, ebola plants: cauliflower mosaic virus birds: bird flu others: cowpox, swine flu
68
comparisons between eukaryotes, prokaryotes and viruses can be seen on
electron micrograph images
69
cell theory: 3 points
all living organisms are multicellular cell is the basic unit of life(structure, organisation and function) cells can only arise from pre-existing cells
70
differentiation
development of a cell into a specific type

Cell structure and organisation (4 decks)

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