Cell Structure + Physiology Flashcards
anatomy definition
the science of the structure of the body and its relation of its parts
physiology definition
the science of how the body functions
What is a cell?
the basic unit of life
what are the two kinds of cells?
1) prokaryote
2) eukaryote
Prokaryote
- before nucleus
- a cell thats lacks a true membrane bound nucleus + organelles
- ALL bacteria are prokaryotes
Eukaryote
- is a cell w/ a membrane-bound nucleus + organelles
- ALL multicellular organisms are composed of eukaryotic cells
What is a eukaryote consisted of?
cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
Cell membrane is also known as what
plasma membrane
Characteristics of a cell membrane
- separates the cell from its external environment
- contains a double phospholipid bilayer w/ interspersed proteins (fluid-mosaic model) which also contains carbohydrate chains + cholesterol
- is semipermeable
- have surface modifications
what does it mean for the cell membrane to be semi-permeable?
allows various substances to move in and out of the cell
what are the surface modifications of a cell membrane?
- cilia
- flagellum
- microvilli
What are cilia?
- hairlike projections
- used for movement
What are flagellum?
- a single longer projection
- used for cellular movement
What are microvilli?
- increases surface area (esp. in absorptive cells)
What are the characteristics of the cytoplasm?
- encompasses everything w/in the cell EXCEPT the nucleus
Organelles w/in the cytoplasm are _____ & have _______ .
specialized and have many functions
What organelles are located in the cytoplasm?
ribosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth, rough), golgi complex (golgi apparatus), lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles
Ribosomes
- freely moving or attached to the ER
- composed of protein and ribosomal RNA
- site of protein synthesis
Mitochondria
- “powerhouse of the cell”
- contains mitochondrial DNA + protein
- Has a double membrane
Inner membrane of the mitochondria
Extends into folds known as cristae
What are cristae?
- folds in the mitochondria
- increases the surface area for production of ATP
How are ATP produced in the mitochondria?
produced through the process of cellular respiration (Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle)
Cells that use A LOT of energy have A LOT of ______
mitochondria
What are the two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum?
Smooth + Rough