Cell Structure + Physiology

Question 1

anatomy definition

Answer 1

the science of the structure of the body and its relation of its parts

Question 2

physiology definition

Answer 2

the science of how the body functions

Question 3

What is a cell?

Answer 3

the basic unit of life

Question 4

what are the two kinds of cells?

Answer 4

1) prokaryote
2) eukaryote

Question 5

Prokaryote

Answer 5

• before nucleus
• a cell thats lacks a true membrane bound nucleus + organelles
• ALL bacteria are prokaryotes

Question 6

Eukaryote

Answer 6

• is a cell w/ a membrane-bound nucleus + organelles
• ALL multicellular organisms are composed of eukaryotic cells

Question 7

What is a eukaryote consisted of?

Answer 7

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

Question 8

Cell membrane is also known as what

Answer 8

plasma membrane

Question 9

Characteristics of a cell membrane

Answer 9

• separates the cell from its external environment
• contains a double phospholipid bilayer w/ interspersed proteins (fluid-mosaic model) which also contains carbohydrate chains + cholesterol
• is semipermeable
• have surface modifications

Question 10

what does it mean for the cell membrane to be semi-permeable?

Answer 10

allows various substances to move in and out of the cell

Question 11

what are the surface modifications of a cell membrane?

Answer 11

• cilia
• flagellum
• microvilli

Question 12

What are cilia?

Answer 12

• hairlike projections
• used for movement

Question 13

What are flagellum?

Answer 13

• a single longer projection
• used for cellular movement

Question 14

What are microvilli?

Answer 14

• increases surface area (esp. in absorptive cells)

Question 15

What are the characteristics of the cytoplasm?

Answer 15

• encompasses everything w/in the cell EXCEPT the nucleus

Question 16

Organelles w/in the cytoplasm are _____ & have _______ .

Answer 16

specialized and have many functions

Question 17

What organelles are located in the cytoplasm?

Answer 17

ribosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth, rough), golgi complex (golgi apparatus), lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles

Question 18

Ribosomes

Answer 18

• freely moving or attached to the ER
• composed of protein and ribosomal RNA
• site of protein synthesis

Question 19

Mitochondria

Answer 19

• “powerhouse of the cell”
• contains mitochondrial DNA + protein
• Has a double membrane

Question 20

Inner membrane of the mitochondria

Answer 20

Extends into folds known as cristae

Question 21

What are cristae?

Answer 21

• folds in the mitochondria
• increases the surface area for production of ATP

Question 22

How are ATP produced in the mitochondria?

Answer 22

produced through the process of cellular respiration (Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle)

Question 23

Cells that use A LOT of energy have A LOT of ______

Answer 23

mitochondria

Question 24

What are the two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 24

Smooth + Rough

Question 25

What is the rough ER?

Answer 25

• hollow system of flattened membranous channels w/ attached ribosomes
• acts are a transportation network for proteins

Question 26

What is the smooth ER?

Answer 26

• hollow system of flattened membranous channels w/o attached ribosomes
• NOT involved in protein synthesis

Question 27

Function of the smooth ER?

Answer 27

• synthesizes cholesterol, steroid-based hormones, lipids; detoxifies drugs; breaks down glycogen; transports fats

Question 28

What type of cells have LARGE AMOUNTS of SER?

Answer 28

liver cells, intestinal cells, interstitial cells of the testes

Question 29

What is the Golgi complex?

Answer 29

• serves as a receiving, packaging, + distribution center
• stacked, saucer-shaped membranes

Question 30

Function of the golgi complex

Answer 30

• modifies and synthesizes the carbohydrate portion of glycoproteins
• packages substances from the ER and then exports them from the cell or releases them into the cytoplasm for internal use
• produces lysosomes

Question 31

Lysosomes

Answer 31

• contains digestive enzymes that digest intracellular bacteria and breaks down nonfunctional organelles
• are principle organelles in digestion of nutrients

Question 32

What do lysosomes perform?

Answer 32

autolysis

Question 33

What is autolysis? When do lysosomes perform autolysis?

Answer 33

self destruction of the cells; occurs if the enzymes are released into the cytoplasm

Question 34

What type of cell has LARGE amts of lysosomes?

Answer 34

phagocytic cells

Question 35

Peroxisomes

Answer 35

• membrane bound organelles that contain strong oxidase + catalase enzymes
• uses O2 to detoxify toxic substances (esp. alcohol + formaldehyde)
• converts free radicals into hydrogen peroxide which is converted to water via catalase enzymes

Question 36

What are free radicals?

Answer 36

normal by-products of cellular metabolism but harmful if left to accumulate

Question 37

In what type of cells are LARGE amounts of peroxisomes found?

Answer 37

liver cells + kidney cells

Question 38

What is the cytoskeleton consist of? What are its functions?

Answer 38

• consists of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments (all made of proteins)
• provides internal framework that gives the cel it’s form, structure, support
• anchors organelles
• enables movement

Question 39

What are centrioles? What is its function?

Answer 39

• microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube
• important in organizing the mitotic spindle
• forms the base of cilia + flagella

Question 40

What is the nucleus? What is its function?

Answer 40

• control center of the cell
• contains DNA (governs heredity + protein synthesis)
• has a double, semipermeable nuclear envelope (membrane)
• contains one or more nucleoli (manufactures the ribosomal units)

Question 41

What are the two forms of DNA?

Answer 41

chromatin: non-dividing cell
chromosomes: dividing cell