Cell Structure + Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy definition

A

the science of the structure of the body and its relation of its parts

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2
Q

physiology definition

A

the science of how the body functions

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3
Q

What is a cell?

A

the basic unit of life

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4
Q

what are the two kinds of cells?

A

1) prokaryote
2) eukaryote

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5
Q

Prokaryote

A
  • before nucleus
  • a cell thats lacks a true membrane bound nucleus + organelles
  • ALL bacteria are prokaryotes
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6
Q

Eukaryote

A
  • is a cell w/ a membrane-bound nucleus + organelles
  • ALL multicellular organisms are composed of eukaryotic cells
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7
Q

What is a eukaryote consisted of?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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8
Q

Cell membrane is also known as what

A

plasma membrane

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9
Q

Characteristics of a cell membrane

A
  • separates the cell from its external environment
  • contains a double phospholipid bilayer w/ interspersed proteins (fluid-mosaic model) which also contains carbohydrate chains + cholesterol
  • is semipermeable
  • have surface modifications
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10
Q

what does it mean for the cell membrane to be semi-permeable?

A

allows various substances to move in and out of the cell

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11
Q

what are the surface modifications of a cell membrane?

A
  • cilia
  • flagellum
  • microvilli
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12
Q

What are cilia?

A
  • hairlike projections
  • used for movement
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13
Q

What are flagellum?

A
  • a single longer projection
  • used for cellular movement
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14
Q

What are microvilli?

A
  • increases surface area (esp. in absorptive cells)
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of the cytoplasm?

A
  • encompasses everything w/in the cell EXCEPT the nucleus
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16
Q

Organelles w/in the cytoplasm are _____ & have _______ .

A

specialized and have many functions

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17
Q

What organelles are located in the cytoplasm?

A

ribosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth, rough), golgi complex (golgi apparatus), lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles

18
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • freely moving or attached to the ER
  • composed of protein and ribosomal RNA
  • site of protein synthesis
19
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • “powerhouse of the cell”
  • contains mitochondrial DNA + protein
  • Has a double membrane
20
Q

Inner membrane of the mitochondria

A

Extends into folds known as cristae

21
Q

What are cristae?

A
  • folds in the mitochondria
  • increases the surface area for production of ATP
22
Q

How are ATP produced in the mitochondria?

A

produced through the process of cellular respiration (Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle)

23
Q

Cells that use A LOT of energy have A LOT of ______

A

mitochondria

24
Q

What are the two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth + Rough

25
What is the rough ER?
- hollow system of flattened membranous channels w/ attached ribosomes - acts are a transportation network for proteins
26
What is the smooth ER?
- hollow system of flattened membranous channels w/o attached ribosomes - NOT involved in protein synthesis
27
Function of the smooth ER?
- synthesizes cholesterol, steroid-based hormones, lipids; detoxifies drugs; breaks down glycogen; transports fats
28
What type of cells have LARGE AMOUNTS of SER?
liver cells, intestinal cells, interstitial cells of the testes
29
What is the Golgi complex?
- serves as a receiving, packaging, + distribution center - stacked, saucer-shaped membranes
30
Function of the golgi complex
- modifies and synthesizes the carbohydrate portion of glycoproteins - packages substances from the ER and then exports them from the cell or releases them into the cytoplasm for internal use - produces lysosomes
31
Lysosomes
- contains digestive enzymes that digest intracellular bacteria and breaks down nonfunctional organelles - are principle organelles in digestion of nutrients
32
What do lysosomes perform?
autolysis
33
What is autolysis? When do lysosomes perform autolysis?
self destruction of the cells; occurs if the enzymes are released into the cytoplasm
34
What type of cell has LARGE amts of lysosomes?
phagocytic cells
35
Peroxisomes
- membrane bound organelles that contain strong oxidase + catalase enzymes - uses O2 to detoxify toxic substances (esp. alcohol + formaldehyde) - converts free radicals into hydrogen peroxide which is converted to water via catalase enzymes
36
What are free radicals?
normal by-products of cellular metabolism but harmful if left to accumulate
37
In what type of cells are LARGE amounts of peroxisomes found?
liver cells + kidney cells
38
What is the cytoskeleton consist of? What are its functions?
- consists of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments (all made of proteins) - provides internal framework that gives the cel it's form, structure, support - anchors organelles - enables movement
39
What are centrioles? What is its function?
- microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube - important in organizing the mitotic spindle - forms the base of cilia + flagella
40
What is the nucleus? What is its function?
- control center of the cell - contains DNA (governs heredity + protein synthesis) - has a double, semipermeable nuclear envelope (membrane) - contains one or more nucleoli (manufactures the ribosomal units)
41
What are the two forms of DNA?
chromatin: non-dividing cell chromosomes: dividing cell