Cell structure/function Flashcards
What are the 4 processes of life?
growth, reproduction, responsiveness, metabolism
What is the one distinguishing characteristic between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
presence of a nucleus (prokaryote = NO)
What are the 4 main characteristics of prokaryotes?
- no internal membrane bound organelles
- circular DNA
- smaller
- simple structure
What are the 4 main characteristics of eukaryotes?
- have internal membrane bound organelles
- linear DNA
- larger
- complex structure
What are the examples of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
prokaryotes = bacteria and archaea eukaryotes = protozoa, fungi, animals
What are the 2 types of glycocalyces?
capsule and slime layer
Which type of glycocalyce is firmly attached to the cell surface? Loosely?
firm = capsule loose = slime layer
Which type of glycocalyce may prevent bacteria from being recognized by the host? Which forms “bacterial gangs”?
prevents recognition = capsule
bacterial gang = slime layer
What is the gelatinous sticky substance surrounding the outside of the cell?
glycocalyces
What are 4 important characteristics of the bacterial cell wall?
- provide structure/shape
- protect cell from osmotic forces
- composed of peptidoglycan
- MC types are gram (+) or gram (-)
Which gram layer and is THICK and appears purple?
gram (+)
Which gram layer is THIN, appears magenta/red and have a bilayer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides?
gram (-)
When a gram (-) bacterial cell wall is destroyed, what endotoxin is released that may cause vasodilation, inflammation, shock, and blood clotting?
lipid A
What are the passive processes when crossing the cytoplasmic membrane?
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
What are the active processes when crossing the cytoplasmic membrane?
active transport, group translocation (chemical modification), endocytosis and exocytosis
What is osmosis?
When water travels into an area of high concentration of solute
What is an isotonic solution?
when 2 solution have the same osmotic pressure
What is a hypertonic solution?
when there is higher concentration of solute in the environment than in the cell
What is a hypotonic solution?
when there is higher concentration of solute in the cell than in the environment
What is a mycoplasm?
a cell without a wall
What is crenation?
dehydration of a cell (leads to cell death)
What is an endospore?
unique structures produced by some bacteria that are a defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions
Endospores are ONLY produced by organisms in what 2 genus?
bacillus and clostridium
What “size” is a prokaryote ribosome?
70S (50S + 30S)
What “size” is an eukaryote ribosome?
80S (60S + 40S)
What “size” is an eukaryote mitochondria and chloroplast?
70S
What are the 2 types of endocytosis? What is pseudopodia role?
phagocytosis (solid), pinocytosis (liquid)
- pseudopodia is used to carry the solid/liquid
