Cell Structure & Function

Question 1

What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 1

RER & SER both have folded membranes called cisternae

RER has ribosomes lining on the cisternae

Question 2

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 2

-RER: Protein synthesis

SER: Processes and produces lipids

Question 3

What is the structure of the nucleus?

Answer 3

cytoplasm like substance called the nucleoplasm

DNA is bound to proteins called chromatid which condense to form chromosomes in cell division

nucleolus produces rRNA and ribosomes

nuclear membrane is a double membrane structure containing pores that allow the transport of mRNA and nucleotides

Question 4

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 4

Site of DNA replication and transcription (making mRNA)

Contains the genetic code for each cell

Question 5

What is the structure of ribosomes?

Answer 5

made up of 2 sub-units of protein and rRNA

Question 6

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 6

site of protein synthesis

move along molecules of mRNA and read the nucleotide code to produce proteins

Question 7

What is the structure of mitochondria?

Answer 7

double membrane

inner membrane is folded into cisternae to increase surface area

fluid centre is called the mitochondrial matrix

contains loop of mitochondria DNA

Question 8

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 8

site of aerobic respiration

releases chemical energy in the form of ATP

Question 9

What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 9

folded membranes making cisternae

secretary vesicles pinch off from the cisternae

Question 10

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 10

package proteins for secretion

secrete carbohydrates

add carbohydrates to proteins to make glycoproteins (this is the main function that you would most likely say in an exam)

form lysosomes

transport and store lipids

Question 11

What is the structure of lysosomes?

Answer 11

bags of digestive enzymes

Question 12

What is the function of lysosomes?

Answer 12

contain and isolate digestive enzymes

empty out all their contents into a membrane line vacuole containing a worn out organelle

hydrolyse phagotic cells

break down dead cells (this is the main function you would say in an exam)

Question 13

What is the structure of the cell surface membrane?

Answer 13

phospholipid bilayer forms majority of the membrane

proteins penetrate and appear on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane

Question 14

What is the function of the cell surface membrane?

Answer 14

controls entrance and exit of molecules

Question 15

PLANT: What is the structure of the cell wall?

Answer 15

plants: made of microfibrils of the cellulose polymer

fungi: made of chitin (a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide)

Question 16

PLANT: What is the function of the cell wall?

Answer 16

to provide structural strength to the cell

Question 17

PLANT: What is the structure of chloroplast?

Answer 17

surrounded by a double membrane called the chloroplast envelope

inside is the stroma that contains enzymes for photosynthesis

thylakoids found within the stroma are folded membranes embedded with pigment and stack together to form granum

grana can be interconnected by tubular extensions called the intergranal lamellae

Question 18

PLANT: What is the function of chloroplast?

Answer 18

Site of photosynthesis

Question 19

PLANT: What is the structure of the vacuole?

Answer 19

Filled with fluid surrounded by a single membrane called the tonoplast

Question 20

PLANT: What is the function of the vacuole?

Answer 20

makes the cell turgid and provides support

temporary store for sugars and amino acids

pigment may colour petals to attract pollinators