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BMED Mission 2 > Cell Structure & Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

Sex cells

A

Sperm cells + oocyte

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2
Q

Somatic cells

A

all other cells in the human body

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3
Q

Extracellular fluid (Interstitial fluid)

A

The fluid a cell is surrounded by

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4
Q

Plasma membrane (cell membrane)

A

Separates cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid

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5
Q

Plasma membrane - characteristics

A

-Physical isolation
-Regulates exchange with the environment
-Monitors the environment
-Structural supports
-Made of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

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6
Q

Membrane lipids

A

-Hydrophilic heads ( toward a watery environment)
-Hydrophobic fatty-acid tails (inside membrane)

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7
Q

Membrane Carbohydrates

A
  • Proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids ( extend outside cell membrane)
  • Form glycocalyx
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8
Q

Glycocalyx

A

-Sticky “sugar coat”
-Lubrication and protection
-Anchoring and locomotion
-Specificity in binding (receptors)
-Recognition (immune response)

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9
Q

Nonmembranous organelles (direct contact w cytosol)

A
  • cytoskeleton
  • microvilli
  • centrioles
  • cilia
  • ribosomes
  • proteasomes
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10
Q

Membranous organelles (isolated from cytosol)

A
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Peroxisomes
  • Mitochondria
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11
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • nonmembranous organelles
  • structural proteins for shape and strength
  • microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
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12
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • filaments composed of the protein actin
  • provide additional mechanical strength, interacts w proteins for consistency
  • pair w thick filaments of myosin for muscle movement
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13
Q

Intermediate filaments

A
  • nonmembranous organelle
  • durable (collagen)
  • strengthen cell and maintain shape, stabilize organelles, stabilize cell position
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14
Q

Microtubules

A

-nonmembranous organelle
-large, hollow tubes of tubulin protein
-attach to the centrosome, strengthen cell and anchor organelles
-change cell shape, move vesicles within the cell
-form spindle apparatus

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15
Q

Microvilli

A

-nonmembranous organelle
- increase surface area for absorption
- attach to cytoskeleton

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16
Q

Centrioles

A

-nonmembranous organelle
- in the centrosome (centrosome: cytoplasm surrounding centriole)
- centrioles form spindle apparatus during cell division

17
Q

Cilia

A
  • nonmembranous organelle
  • cilia move fluids across the cell surface
18
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • nonmembranous organelle
  • build polypeptides in protein synthesis
  • Two types: Free ribosomes and Fixed ribosomes
19
Q

Free ribosomes

A
  • in cytoplasm
  • manufacture proteins for cell
20
Q

Fixed ribosomes

A
  • attached to ER
  • manufacture proteins for secretion
21
Q

Proteasomes

A
  • nonmembranous organelle
  • Contain enzymes (proteases)
  • disassemble damaged proteins for recycling
22
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • membranous organelle
  • Synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
  • Storage of synthesized molecules and materials
  • Transport of materials within the ER
  • Detoxification of drugs or toxins
    Two types: smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
23
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • no ribosomes attached
  • synthesize lipids and carbohydrates:
    *phospholipids and cholesterol (membranes)
    *steroid hormones (reproductive system)
    *glycerides (storage in liver and fat cells)
    *glycogen (storage in muscles)
24
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • surface covered with ribosomes
  • active in protein and glycoprotein synthesis
  • folds polypeptides protein structures
  • encloses products in transport vesicles
25
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • membranous organelle
  • vesicles enter forming face and exit maturing face: secretory vesicles, membrane renewal vesicles, and lysosomes
26
Q

Secretory vesicles

A
  • modify and package products for exocytosis
27
Q

Membrane renewal

A

add or remove membrane components

28
Q

Lysosomes

A

carry enzymes to the cytosol

29
Q

Lysosome functions

A
  • clean up inside cells
    *break down large molecules
    *attack bacteria
    *recycle damaged organelles
    *eject wastes by exocytosis
  • autolysis (self-destruction of damaged cells)
    *lysosome membranes break down
    *digestive enzymes released
    *cell decomposes
    *cellular materials recycle
30
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • membranous organelle
  • enzyme-containing vesicles
  • break down fatty acids, organic compounds
  • produce hydrogen peroxide
  • replicate by division
31
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • membranous organelle
  • takes chemical energy from food (glucose)
  • produces energy molecule ATP
32
Q

Aerobic metabolism (cellular respiration)

A
  • Mitochondria use oxygen to break down food and produce ATP
  • ## Glucose + oxygen + ADP —> carbon dioxide + water + ATP *
33
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • Glucose to pyruvic acid (in cytosol)
    -no oxygen
34
Q

Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle)

A

pyruvic acid to CO2 (in matrix)

35
Q

Electron transport chain

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

36
Q

Transcription

A

copies instructions from DNA to mRNA (in nucleus)
1. gene activation
-uncoils DNA, removes histones
-start (promoter) and stop codes on DNA mark location of gene: coding strand is code for protein & template strand used by RNA polymerase molecule
2. DNA to mRNA
-enzyme RNA polymerase transcribes DNA:
-binds to promoter (start) sequence
-reads DNA code for gene
-binds nucleotides to form mRNA
- mRNA duplicates DNA coding stand , uracil replaces thymine
3. RNA processing
-At stop signal, mRNA detaches from DNA molecule:
-code is edited (RNA processing)
-unnecessary codes (introns) removed
-good codes (exons) spliced together
-triplet of three nucleotides (codon) represents one amino acid

37
Q

Translation

A

-ribosome reads code from mRNA (in cytoplasm)
- assembles amino acids into polypeptide chain
-Processing
* by RER and Golgi apparatus produce protein

BMED Mission 2 (3 decks)

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