Cell structure - eukaryotic cells Flashcards
What are eukaryotic cells?
cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.
where are membrane bound organelles found?
Animals, plants, fungi
what are the membrane bound organelles found in plant and animal cells?
cell surface membrane
nucleus
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus and golgi vesicles
lysosomes
ribosomes
cell wall
what other membrane bound organelles are found in the plant cells only?
chloroplasts
cell wall
cell vacuole
what other membrane bound organelles are found in the algae only?
cell wall
chloroplasts
what other membrane bound organelles are found in fungi only?
cell wall
What is the nucleus and its function?
the nucleus is the largest organelle in a cell which contains the genetic material (protein bound linear DNA) .
control centre of the cell through the production of mRNA and tRNA.
retains genetic material of the cell in the form of DNA and chromosomes
manufactures rRNA and ribosomes.
what is the nuclear envelope and its function?
A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
Its outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell.
FUNCTION: it controls the entry and exit of materials in and out of the nucleus and contains the reactions taking place within it.
what are nuclear pores and its function?
Allows the passage of large molecules such as messenger RNA out of the nucleus
what is the nucleoplasm?
granular jelly like material
what is the nucleolus?
A dense region where ribosomes are manufactured.
what is the mitochondrion and its function?
-organelle with a double membrane
-inner membrane is folded into structures known as cristae
inner area is known as the matrix
FUNCTION: it is the site of aerobic respiration and responsible for the production of ATP
what does the matrix contain?
-protein lipids ribosomes and DNA which allows the mitochondria to control the production of some of their own proteins.
-many enzymes involved in respiration are found in the matrix.
what is the chloroplast and its function?
Flattened structures found in the plant and algal cells which are surrounded by a double membrane.
FUNCTION: harvest sunlight for photosynthesis
what is the grana?
They are stacks of thylakoids
what are within the thylakoids?
chlorophyll
function of thylakoids?
where light dependant reactions take place
what are the stacks of thylakoids linked with?
lamellae
what happens in the stroma?
it is a fluid filled matrix where the second stage of photosyntheses (synthesis of sugars) take place?
what are the adaptations of grana?
it provides a large surface area, allowing light to be absorbed more efficiently.
what is the endoplasmic reticulum and its function?
-it can be rough (with ribosomes) and smooth (without ribosomes).
-it is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane.
what is the function of the RER?
Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes.
- has ribosomes present on the outer structures.
- provides large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins
-provides a pathway for the transport of materials (proteins) throughout the cell.
what is the function of the SER?
Synthesises, stores and transports carbohydrates.
what is the Golgi Apparatus and its function?
A series of flattened sacs surrounded by the membrane.
It is where new proteins and lipids are processed and packaged.
Forms lysosomes.
