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Organismal Biology MT 1 > Cell Structure and Varieties > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Varieties Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a cell

A

An aqueous mixture of chemicals bound by a small membrane with reproductive capacity

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2
Q

What is the cell diameter range?

A

1-100um

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3
Q

What are the size differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic ones?

A

Pro = 0.2-2.0um
Eu = 10-100um

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4
Q

When it comes to carbon source, where does organism labelling differ?

A

Hetero means living carbon source, autotroph means inorganic compound

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5
Q

What is a lithotroph and organotroph?

A

Lithotroph is a chemoautotroph and organotroph is a chemoheterotroph

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6
Q

Who built the first microscope?

A

hooke

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7
Q

Who are the two investigators that led up to cell theory?

A

Schwann - Animals are made of cells
Schleiden - Plants are made of cells

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8
Q

What is cell theory (1838) and what is the addition?

A

Cells are the fundamental units for life
All living organisms are composed of cells
All cells come from preexisting cells
Addition:
Modern cells evolved from a common ancestor

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9
Q

What kind of microscope is used to visualize living cells? What is its mag?

A

A light microscope has a resolution of about 200nm., or 1000x human

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10
Q

What are the 6 types of light microscopy?

A
  1. Bright field microscopy
  2. Phase contrast microscopy
  3. Differential inference contrast microscopy
  4. stained bright field microscopy
  5. fluorescence microscopy
  6. confocal microscopy
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11
Q

Describe Bright field microscopy

A

Light directly through the cells, low contrast, low details

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12
Q

Describe Phase contrast microscopy

A

Contrast is increased through refraction

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13
Q

Describe Differential inference contrast microscopy

A

Two beams of light to make a shadow

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14
Q

describe stained bright field microscopy

A

bright field but stained

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15
Q

describe fluorescence microscopy

A

microscopy with light stimulating a fluorescent material/dye

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16
Q

describe confocal microscopy

A

fluorescence microscopy except with a manipulation of light that gives a sharper 2D image

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17
Q

What is a electron microscope?

A

It directs electrons through a vacuum at a screen to create an image

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18
Q

What is the resolution of an electron microscope?

A

2nm, 100,000x human

19
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopes?

A

TEM(transmission) and SEM(scanning)

20
Q

What is the drawback of electron microscopy?

A

Only deals with dead cells

21
Q

What is TEM?

A

Magnets shooting electrons at an object that absorbs them or not

22
Q

What is SEM?

A

Electrons being shot at samples that release more electrons that are measured

23
Q

What is cytosol?

A

The fluid inside the cytoplasm (everything but the nucleus) that is not contained.

24
Q

What is the structural difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes have no organelles

25
Q

What 4 things do all prokaryotic cells have?

A
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Nucleoid
  3. Cytoplasm
  4. Ribosomes
26
Q

What would a prokaryotic cell wall and capsule be made of?

A

Cell wall - peptidoglycan
Capsule - Polysaccharides

27
Q

What are the three functions of prokaryotic cell capsules?

A
  1. Protect from attack
  2. Keep from drying out
  3. Help bacteria attach to other cells
28
Q

What is the structural difference between a gram positive or gram negative bacteria?

A

Gram positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan layers but no lipid layer, and gram negative have thin peptidoglycan layers and a lipid membrane

29
Q

What are the two bacterial cytoskeleton proteins?

A

MreB, FtsZ at site of division

30
Q

What is the difference between fimbriae and pili?

A

Pili are bigger and used for genetic exchange

31
Q

What is the flagellum responsible and what is it composed of?

A

It is responsible for the motility of the bacteria and is composed of Flagellin protein

32
Q

What are the three parts of a flagellum?

A

The basal body, hook, and filament

33
Q

What happens in the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Protein/lipid synthesis

34
Q

What is the purpose of the Golgi apparatus?

A

It packages and distributes proteins

35
Q

What is the purpose of the lysosome vs endosomes?

A

lysosomes deal with intracellular degradation, and endosomes sort exocytosed matter

36
Q

What process creates ATP in the mitochondria?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

37
Q

What do peroxisomes do?

A

They oxidize toxic molecules

38
Q

Describe the structure of a nucleus

A

The nucleolus is surrounded by the nucleoplasm, which is under the nuclear lamina contained by the nuclear envelope, with holes called nuclear pore. Chromosomes and chromatin are found in the nucleoplasm.

39
Q

What happens in the nucleolus?

A

Ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribogenesis (ribosome assembly)

40
Q

What is nuclear lamina involved in?

A

DNA replication, RNA transcription, organization, cell development, assembly, reproduction

41
Q

What is progeria?

A

It is a genetic condition of rapid ageing in children

42
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

Chromatin

43
Q
A

Organismal Biology MT 1 (2 decks)

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