Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Paper 1 > Cell Structure and Transport > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Transport Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Features of a Light Microscope

A
  • 17th Century
  • Beam of light
  • 2000x
  • Cheap
  • Little training
  • Easy to move
  • Colour
  • Small
  • Passes through air
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Features of an Electron Microscope

A
  • 1930s
  • Beam of electrons
  • 2,000,000 x
  • Expensive
  • Need training
  • Hard to store
  • Black and white
  • Big
  • Passes through vacuum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Examining plant cells under a light microscope practical

A

1) Rotate lenses so that low power is in line with stage
2) Focus coarse so stage is close to lense
3) Place slide in middle of sage where light passes through
4) Focus slide by adjusting coarse
5) Draw low power image of what you see
6) Don’t look directly into light to damage eyes, take care when handling slides and placing plant cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Obtaining cell onto slide practical

A

1) Put small drop of water on slide
2) Peel very thing layer of onion skin with scalpel and tweezers
3) Use forceps to transfer skin into water droplet
4) Make sure skin is flat with no air bubbles
5) Put iodine drop on it
6) Place slide on arms of stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cm -> mm -> µm -> nm

A

cm x10 mm x1000 µm x1000 nm

cm ÷10 mm ÷1000 µm ÷1000 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Magnification

A

Degree to which an image is made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Resolution

A

Smallest interval measurable between two points on an image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls all activities in the cell

Contains DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Where all chemical reactions take place

Holds everything together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mitochondria

A

Releases energy

Aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ribosomes

A

Makes protein for growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chloroplast

A

Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Permanent Vacuole

A

Filled with cell sap

Supports cell and keeps it rigid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cellulose Cell Wall

A

Strengthens cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What eukaryotic cell doesn’t contain a nucleus

A

Red blood cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protista

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A
  • Prokaryotes are smaller
  • Prokaryotes have no nucleus
  • Prokaryotes contain plasmids
20
Q

How are nerve cells adapted?

A

Fatty Sheath = insulate axon
Long axon = carry impulses long way
Lots of mitochondria = energy

21
Q

How are muscle cells adapted?

A

Contain special proteins = making fibres contract
Mitochondria = energy for cells to contract and relax
Store glycogen = cellular respiration, energy for fibres to contract

22
Q

How are sperm cells adapted?

A

Long tails = travel long distances
Mitochondria = energy for tail to work
Digestive enzymes = breaking down outer layer of egg
Nucleus = contains genetic information

23
Q

What is meant by “specialised”?

A

Physical or chemical changes

Being suited to a specific purpose

24
Q

How are root hair cells adapted?

A

Surface area = movement of water into cell
Large Permanent vacuole = speeds up osmosis
Mitochondria = transport energy needed for active transport

25
Q

How are photosynthetic cells adapted?

A

Chloroplast = photosynthesis
Positioned into layers = absorb as much light as possible
Large permanent vacuole = keeps cell rigid

26
Q

How are xylem cells adapted?

A

Cells die = form hollow tubes to allow water and mineral ions to move through them
Rings of lignin = strong to withstand pressure

27
Q

How are Phloem cells adapted?

A

Sieve plates = carry dissolves food up and down tubes

Lose internal structures = supported by companion cells and move dissolves food

28
Q

What is the definition of Diffusion?

A

The spreading out of particles in a solution or gas resulting in the net movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down the concentration gradient

29
Q

What are the two factors affecting diffusion?

A

Temperature

Concentration

30
Q

How does concentration affect Diffusion?

A

If there’s a big concentration difference, diffusion is quick
If there’s a small concentration difference, diffusion is sow

Particles move towards area of low concentration
Difference between 2 areas is the concentration gradient
The bigger difference, the steeper the concentration gradient

31
Q

Example of diffusion

A

Gas exchange: CO2 moves out from body cells into red blood cells. Then back into the air in the lungs by diffusion down the concentration gradient.

32
Q

Osmosis definition

A

The movement of water from a dilute to a more concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane that allows water to pass through

33
Q

What does it mean if the solution is dilute or concentrated?

A 
Dilute = high concentration of water, low concentration of sugar
Concentrated = high concentration of sugar, low concentration of water
34
Q

Isotonic

A

Internal and external concentration are the same

35
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solution outside cell is higher than internal

36
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solution outside cell is lower than the internal concentration

37
Q

How does osmosis maintain the transport of water from a plant’s roots to leaves?

A

Water enters roots by osmosis
Water progresses from cell to cell
Water moves up the plant
Eventually reaches leaves or travels by xylem

38
Q

What is meant by the term Turgid?

A

Plants surrounding fluid is hypotonic to cytoplasm

Has lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of water

39
Q

What is meant by the term Turgor?

A

Solution surrounding cell is hypertonic to cell
Water leaves
Wilts

40
Q

What is meant by the term Plasmolysis?

A

Even more water leaves
Vacuole and cytoplasm shrink
Cell membrane pulls away from cell wall

41
Q

Investigating osmosis in plants method

A

1) Prepare sugar solutions and select range you want to use to measure them.
2) Set up multiple boiling tubes with each of these solutions and one with distilled water for the controlled variable
3) Label each tube with its concentration
4) Draw a table before experiment
5) Weigh all of the potato’s masses before putting in cylinder and then again after
6) For each sugar concentration repeat the investigation with each potato cylinder
7) Calculate the mean using all experiments ignoring anomalies
8) If the sugar concentration is higher outside than inside the potato, it will weigh more, water will move in.
9) Take care with scalpel, wear eye protection when wearing chemical solutions, do not cut potato towards hands

42
Q

Active transport definition

A

Moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentration solution

43
Q

How does active transport use energy?

A

Uses energy released from food in respiration to provide the energy required

44
Q

Describe how water moves from the soil to the leaf

A 
Water moves into the roots via osmosis
Water moves from the root hair cells into the xylem via osmosis
Water moves up the plant via the xylem
Evaporation of water from leaves
Produces tension and pulls on the water
This is the transpiration stream
45
Q

What’s the difference between the Phloem and Xylem?

A 
Xylem = transports water via transpiration
Phloem = transports mineral ions and nitrates via translocation
46
Q

Adaptations for increasing the rate of diffusion

A

Short diffusion distance
Big concentration difference
Large surface area

47
Q

How are the lungs adapted for diffusion?

A
  • (large surface area, alveoli, thin membrane, high diffusion rate, high gas exchange rate)
  • Alveoli have a large surface area
  • Capillaries are thin, one cell thick are close to the alveoli which provides short diffusion path for O2 and CO2
  • Lungs are ventilated, bring in (fresh) oxygen and remove carbon dioxide, maintaining a concentration gradient
  • Large capillary network (around alveoli) and good blood supply which removes oxygenated blood quickly
  • Brings CO2 to the lungs quickly maintaining a concentration gradient

Biology Paper 1 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions