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WJEC AS Biology > Cell structure and Organisation- Unit 1.2 > Flashcards

Cell structure and Organisation- Unit 1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Contains DNA to code for protein synthesis. DNA replication occurs here and transcription produces mRNA templates.

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2
Q

What do nuclear pores do?

A

Allow the transport of mRNA and ribosomes out of the nucleus.

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3
Q

What does the nuclear envelope do?

A

Separates contents of nucleus from the cytoplasm.

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4
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

Produces rRNA, tRNA and ribosomes.

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5
Q

What does chromatin do?

A

Condenses before cell division to form chromosomes.

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6
Q

What do the rough endoplasmic reticulum do? (2)

A
  • Packages and stores proteins.

* Produces transport vesicles which merge to form the Golgi body.

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7
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Produce, package and transport steroids and lipids.

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8
Q

What does the Golgi body/apparatus do? (3)

A
  1. Packages proteins for secretion from the cell.
  2. Modifies proteins (e.g adding carbohydrate chains to form glycoproteins)
  3. Produces lysosomes and digestive enzymes (tertiary structure)
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9
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A
  1. Contain powerful digestive enzymes to break down worn out organelles or cells.
  2. Phagocytes use them to digest engulfed bacteria.
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10
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Form the spindle during cell division.

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11
Q

What does mitochondria do?

A

ATP synthesis by aerobic respiration.

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12
Q

Chloroplasts’ function?

A

Contain photosynthetic pigments to trap light energy for photosynthesis.

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13
Q

What does the vacuole do?

A

Contains cell sap and stored solutes such as glucose.

It swells due to osmosis for turgidity.

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14
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

For protein synthesis.

The primary protein structure is formed at the ribosome.

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15
Q

What does the plasmodesmata do? (2)

A
  • Connects cells via cytoplasm filled canals which pass through cell walls.
  • Allows transport via the symplastic pathway.
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16
Q

What does the cell wall do? (3)

A
  • Has mechanical strength due to high tensile strength of cellulose microfibrils.
  • Transports solutes via apoplectic pathway.
  • Cell to cell communication via the plasmodesmata.
17
Q

Name similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts. (5)

A
  1. Double membranes.
  2. Highly folded inner membranes
  3. Circle of DNA for self-replication
  4. Have ribosomes
  5. Produce ATP
18
Q

Name differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts. (3)

A
  1. Mitochondria have cristae but chloroplasts have thylakoid membranes.
  2. Chloroplasts contain photosynthetic pigments to absorb light and mitochondria do not.
  3. Mitochondria have an inner matrix but chloroplasts have a stroma.
19
Q

Describe prokaryotic cells.

A
  • Bacteria do not have membrane bound organelles like eukaryotic cells do.
  • Contain no nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria or chloroplasts.
20
Q

What is a cell wall made from in a prokaryotic cell vs a eukaryotic cell?

A

P- Peptidoglycan

E-Cellulose

21
Q

Describe viruses as they do not fit the cell theory. (4)

A 
No:
•Cell membrane
•Cytoplasm
•Organelles
•Chromosomes
22
Q

Describe the structure of a virus. (2)

A
  • Can only reproduce with help of a host cell.

* Protein coat surrounding DNA, RNA or a few genes.

23
Q

Describe atoms to systems.

A

Atoms—>molecules—>cells—>tissues—>organs—>systems

24
Q

What are the 3 types of epithelial cells and where are they found?

A
  1. Cuboidal epithelium- in kidney tubules and intestines
  2. Ciliated columnar epithelium- in oviducts, trachea & bronchi.
  3. Squamous epithelium- Walls of alveoli
25
Q

What are epithelial cells? (6)

A
  1. Type of tissue forming continuous layer
  2. Covers/lines internal & external surfaces.
  3. No blood vessels.
  4. Made of collagen & protein.
  5. Vary in shape & complexity.
  6. Often have protective & secretory function.
26
Q

What is skeletal muscle? (4)

A

Attached to bones and moves the skeleton.
Has bands of fibres to contract powerfully (tire easily)
Voluntary muscles
Striped

27
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle cells?

A

Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth

28
Q

Describe smooth muscle. (4)

A

Has individual spindle shaped cells which contract rhythmically, but less powerful.
Occur in skin, walls of blood vessels and digestive tracts
Involuntary muscles
Unstriped

29
Q

Describe cardiac muscles. (4)

A

Only in the heart
Striped but no long fibres
Contract rhythmically
Does not tire

30
Q

What is a connective tissue?

A

Tissue that supports or separates tissues and organs.

Contains elastic and collagen fibres in extracellular fluid.

31
Q

Where is areolar tissue found?

A

Under the skin and connects organs and tissues together

32
Q

What does collagen do?

A

Forms tendons which connects muscles to bones

WJEC AS Biology (9 decks)

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