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Biology AS Level unit 1 > Cell Structure and Organisation > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

Mitochondria labels

A
  • stalked particles
  • cristae
  • matrix (where aerobic respiration takes place)
  • intermembrane space
  • outer membrane
  • inner membrane
  • small circle of DNA
  • ribosomes
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2
Q

Mitochondria structure

A
  • cylindrical
  • bound by double membrane
  • folded inner membrane (cristae)
  • fluid fills intermembrane space
  • synthesises own proteins and self replicates using proteins, lipids, circle of DNA and ribosomes
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3
Q

Function of mitochondrion

A

Synthesise ATP by aerobic respiration

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4
Q

Where can many mitochondria be found?

A

Liver and muscle cells

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5
Q

Nucleus labels

A
  • nuclear pore
  • nuclear envelope
  • nucleolus
  • chromatin
  • outer membrane
  • inner membrane
  • ribosomes
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6
Q

Nucleus structure

A
  • spherical
  • bound by double membrane
  • contains chromatin + nucleolus
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7
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Site of DNA replication and transcription

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8
Q

Function of chromatin

A

DNA condenses to form chromosomes for cell division

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9
Q

Function of nucleolus

A

Site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly

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10
Q

Function of nuclear pores

A

Gaps in envelope allow passage of large molecules in and out (mRNA + ribosomes)

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11
Q

Function of nuclear envelope

A

Separates nucleus from cytoplasm

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12
Q

Ribosome labels

A
  • large subunit
  • protein chain
  • amino acid
  • mRNA
  • small subunit
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13
Q

Ribosome structure

A
  • 1 large subunit + 1 small subunit

- consists of rRNA + protein - either attached to RER or free in cytoplasm

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14
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis, protein assembly, translation (mRNA assembles proteins from amino acids)

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15
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum labels

A
  • ribosomes

- cisternae

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16
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum structure

A

-flattened sacs (cisternae) with ribosomes attached

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17
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Protein transport (proteins made by ribosomes attached), packages proteins into vesicles to travel to Golgi body

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18
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum labels

A

-cisternae

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19
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum structure

A

-flattened sacs (cisternae), no ribosomes attached

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20
Q

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesis and transport of lipids

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21
Q

Golgi body labels

A
  • cisternae
  • vesicles from RER
  • vesicles from Golgi
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22
Q

Golgi body structure

A

-series of dynamic flattened sacs and vesicles

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23
Q

Function of Golgi body

A

Modification of proteins from RER, packages proteins into vesicles transported elsewhere, also forms lysosomes

24
Q

Lysosome labels

A
  • single wall membrane

- enzyme complexes

25
Q

Lysosome structure

A
  • vacuoles that contain digesting enzymes

- bound by single membrane

26
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

Digest solid material/’worn out’ organelles by phagocytosis

27
Q

Centriole labels

A
  • spindle

- triplet microtubules

28
Q

Centriole structure

A

-made of tubulin (protein)

29
Q

Function of centrioles

A

Organise microtubules that make spindle in cell division

30
Q

Plasmodesmata structure

A

-strands of cytoplasm that pass through pits in cell wall to neighbouring cells

31
Q

Function of plasmodesmata

A

Transport water along symplast pathway through root

32
Q

Chloroplast labels

A
  • outer membrane
  • inner membrane
  • stroma
  • lipid droplet
  • granum (stack of thylakoids)
  • intergranal lamella (thylakoid)
  • ring of DNA
  • starch granule
  • ribosomes
33
Q

Chloroplast structure

A
  • surrounded by double membrane
  • liquid stroma contains starch grains, lipid droplets, DNA and ribosomes
  • flattened sacs = thylakoids
  • granum contains chlorophyll
34
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A

Absorb light energy for photosynthesis

35
Q

Vacuole labels

A

-tonoplast

36
Q

Vacuole structure

A
  • large permanent fluid filled sac

- single membrane (tonoplast)

37
Q

Function of vacuoles

A

Storage site of chemicals (e.g glucose), osmotic system which supports plant tissues

38
Q

Prokaryotic bacterium structure

A
  • nucleoid DNA
  • ribosomes
  • flagellum
  • capsule
  • cell membrane
  • mesosome
  • murein cell wall
39
Q

Virus structure

A
  • protein coat
  • nucleic acid
  • DNA/RNA/a few genes
40
Q

Cell theory

A

All living organisms made of cells (multicellular or unicellular)
Cells are the basic units of life
Cells arise from pre-existing cells

41
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • bacteria, blue-green algae
  • DNA free in cytoplasm
  • murein cell wall
  • small ribosomes
  • no nuclear membrane
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • plasmids
42
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • plants, animals, fungi, protoctists
  • DNA located in chromosomes
  • cellulose cell wall
  • large ribosomes
  • distinct membrane bound nucleus
  • membrane bound organelles
  • no plasmids
43
Q

Tissue definition + examples

A

Aggregation (group) of cells with same structure and function working together
E.g. Epithelial, muscle, connective

44
Q

Organ definition + examples

A

Aggregation of different tissues working together to carry out function for organism
E.g. Brain, liver, heart

45
Q

Organ system definition + examples

A

Group of organs working together with a particular role

E.g. Digestive system, reproductive system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system

46
Q

Epithelial

A
  • forms a continuous layer and covers internal & external surfaces of body
  • cells sit on a basement membrane
47
Q

3 types of epithelial tissue

A
  • cuboidal epithelium
  • columnar epithelium
  • squamous epithelium
48
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A
  • cube shaped

- found in kidney nephron (in PCT) & salivary gland ducts

49
Q

Columnar epithelium

A
  • elongated cells

- cilia if lining tube where substances like mucus/eggs move through

50
Q

Squamous epithelium

A
  • flattened cells

- form walls of alveolus in lungs & line Bowman’s (renal) capsule of kidney nephron

51
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A
  • skeletal/striated
  • smooth
  • cardiac
52
Q

Skeletal

A
  • voluntary control
  • tires easily
  • striated appearance from protein fibrils within fused muscle cells
53
Q

Smooth

A
  • contract involuntarily

- form walls of hollow organs (e.g stomach)

54
Q

Cardiac

A
  • contract rhythmically
  • never tire
  • only found in heart
55
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • binds and supports tissues
  • consists of cells, elastic & collagen fibres in an extracellular matrix (proteins and polysaccharides secreted by neighbouring tissues)

Biology AS Level unit 1 (7 decks)

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