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Biology AS Level unit 1 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Key elements present in living organisms as inorganic ions

A 
Magnesium (Mg^2+)
Iron (Fe^2+)
Calcium (Ca^2+)
Phosphate (PO4^3-)
Nitrate (NO^3-)
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2
Q

Magnesium

A

Constituent of chlorophyll (needed for photosynthesis)

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3
Q

Iron

A

Constituent of haemoglobin (needed for O2 transport in blood)

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4
Q

Calcium

A

Hardens bones and teeth

Component of plant cell walls

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5
Q

Phosphate

A

Make nucleotides (ATP, RNA, DNA)
Constituent of phospholipids
Hardens bones

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6
Q

Nitrate

A

Nitrogen from nitrate makes nucleotides (ATP, RNA, DNA)

Amino acid formation

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7
Q

Water (polarity, H bonds, surface tension, solvent, thermal properties, metabolite)

A
  • Dipolar molecule
  • Hydrogen bonds between water molecules
  • Water molecules join together to form skin of water at skin tension
  • Water is a solvent for polar molecules like salts
  • Water used for transport
  • Water has a high latent heat of vaporisation (requires lots of heat to change state e.g. Perspiration)
  • Water has a high specific heat capacity (requires a lot of energy to raise temperature) water is stable
  • anomalous expansion of water (ice less dense than water)
  • chemical reactions occur in water due to transport of ions and polar molecules when particles meet
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8
Q

Water - What happens when sweating/perspiring?

A

Water has a high latent heat of vaporisation
Liquid water –energy–> water vapour
Requires a lot of energy to change state

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9
Q

Respiration equation

A

Glucose + water ==> carbon dioxide + water

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10
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

Water + carbon dioxide ==> oxygen + glucose

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13
Q

Elements in Lipids

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

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13
Q

What happens in a condensation reaction?

A

Water is formed

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14
Q

What happens in a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Water is used

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15
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

Water is chemically removed to form a bond between adjacent monomers

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16
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Water chemically added to break a bond between two monomers

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17
Q

Elements in Phospholipids

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus

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17
Q

Elements in Amino Acids and Proteins

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, (Sulphur)

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18
Q

Elements in Carbohydrates

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

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19
Q

Elements in Nucleic Acids

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Nitrogen

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20
Q

What are trioses?

A

3 Carbon sugars

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20
Q

What are pentoses?

A

5 Carbon sugars

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21
Q

What are hexoses?

A

6 Carbon sugars

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23
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A large molecule comprising of repeated, identical units (monomers) bonded together

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24
Q

Examples of carbohydrates

A

Glucose, fructose, sucrose, ribose, lactose, starch/amylose, glycogen

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25
Q

Monomer

A

Single unit sugar

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26
Q

Monosaccharides

A

1 sugar

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27
Q

Disaccharide

A

2 sugars

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28
Q

Polysaccharide

A

2+ sugars

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29
Q

Carbohydrates/monosaccharides rules

A

All Carbons in a straight line
One Carbon will have a =O bond
All other Carbons will have a -OH bond
Gaps filled with Hydrogens

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30
Q

Isomer

A

Same formula, different structure

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31
Q

3 types of monosaccharides

A

Trioses, Pentoses, Hexoses

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32
Q

Triose

A

C3H6O3
Important in metabolism
Intermediates of respiration and photosynthesis

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33
Q

Pentoses

A

C5H10O12

Constituents of nucleotides (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA,ATP,ADP)

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34
Q

Hexose

A

C6H12O6
Source of energy in respiration (e.g. Glucose)
C-H and C-C bonds broken to release energy to make ATP

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35
Q

Monosaccharides that make Maltose

A

Glucose + Glucose

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36
Q

Monosaccharides that make Lactose

A

Glucose + Galactose

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37
Q

Monosaccharides that make Sucrose

A

Glucose + Fructose

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38
Q

Maltose

A

Sugar transported in seeds

Used in beer

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39
Q

Lactose

A 
Milk sugar (found in mammalian milk)
Transports energy from mother to baby
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40
Q

Sucrose

A

Transported in phloem of plants

Product of photosynthesis

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41
Q

A hydrolysis reaction of Maltose plus water would make…

A

2 alpha glucose molecules

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42
Q

Monosaccharides used for…

A

Energy in respiration

To build larger carbohydrates

43
Q

Disaccharides used in…

A

Transport of energy

44
Q

Polysaccharides used in…

A

Structural support or storage

45
Q

Starch is made of..

A

Alpha glucose polymerised together (same way up)
2 polymers
Amylose, a component if starch (1,4 bonds) is a helix with smaller helixes off it called amylopectin (1,6 bonds) which is also a component of starch

[alpha-glucose units joined together + 2 polymers, amylose and amylopectin]

46
Q

Starch allows…

A

Plants to store glucose

47
Q

Amylose is..

A

A component of starch

48
Q

Amylose made of…

A

Helix of starch, has chains of amylopectin

49
Q

Glycogen is made of…

A

Alpha glucose with short 1,4 and many 1,6 bonds

Has chains of amylopectin

50
Q

Glycogen is…

A

The main storage product in animals
Found in liver (sometimes muscles)
Similar to starch but has more side chains for enzymes to attack and digest more quickly

51
Q

Cellulose is..

A

Structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls

A polymer of Beta Glucose

52
Q

Cellulose made of…

A

Beta glucose (1,4 bonds) where every other Beta glucose is rotated 180 degrees resulting in a straight chain microfibre

53
Q

Chitin contains CHON so is a…

A

Polysaccharide derivative

54
Q

Chitin is a…

A

Structural polysaccharide found in exoskeletons of insects and fungal cell walls

55
Q

Chitin contains…

A

CHON
(O and N found in Amide)
Double Hydrogen bonds between Amides

56
Q

Alpha glucose is when…

A

H is above C1

57
Q

Beta glucose is when…

A

H is below C1

58
Q

Starch is…

A

A large molecule (transport difficult)
Insoluble
Good for plants (stays put- plant can break down for growth and energy)

59
Q

Test for starch

A

Add iodine to starch and solution will turn from orange/brown to blue/black

60
Q

Test for reducing sugars and non reducing sugars

A

Add Benedict’s solution to reducing sugar and heat to 80 degrees. Will turn from blue to red. If done to a non reducing sugar, negative result (stays blue). To achieve positive result, hydroxide with HCl acid then retest

61
Q

Test for protein

A

Add Biuret solution to protein. Will turn from blue to lilac (purple)

62
Q

Test for lipids (fats and oils)

A

Add ethanol to lipid (oil) then to water. Will turn from clear to cloudy (produces a white emulsion)

63
Q

All fats are…

A

Lipids

64
Q

Lipids contain…

A

CHO (mostly C and H, some O)

65
Q

Fats and oils composed of…

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

66
Q

Lipids broken down by…

A

Lipase

67
Q

3 fatty acids plus 1 glycerol…

A

Triglyceride

68
Q

What bond is in a triglyceride?

A

Ester bonds

69
Q

What is an Ester bond?

A

O O
\ //
C

(C double bonded to O and bonded to another O)

70
Q

Properties of lipids

A
  • used as an energy reserve in plants and animals
  • thermal insulator (stored under skin)
  • protection (around organs)
  • metabolic water source
  • waterproof (insoluble- forms waxy cuticle)
  • low density helps float
  • nerve transmission
  • steroids and cholesterol
  • used in cell membrane formation (phospholipid bilayer)
71
Q

Phospholipids contain…

A

CHOP

Triglyceride with a fatty acid replaced with a phosphate group

72
Q

Basis of cell membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer

73
Q

Unsaturated fats have…

A

At least one C=C bond

74
Q

Unsaturated fats are…

A

Good for human health (found in plants)

75
Q

Saturated fats are..

A

Bad for human health (found in meat)

76
Q

Diet of saturated fats…

A

Low density lipoproteins (LDL) build up- increased risk of heart disease

77
Q

Diet of unsaturated fats…

A

More High density lipoproteins (HDL)- higher HDL:LDL ratio decreases risk of heart disease

78
Q

Amino acids contain…

A

CHON (S)

79
Q

Basic structure of an amino acid…

A

Amino group
R group (variable side chain of CHON(S))
Hydrogen atom
Carboxyl group

80
Q

How many amino acids are in living cells?

A

20 or 22

81
Q

Simplest amino acids?

A

Glycine and Valine

81
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

O H
\ /
C - N

(C double bond to O and bonded to a NH)

82
Q

Product of amino acids reacting

A

Dipeptide

83
Q

What are the levels of protein structure?

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

84
Q

What bond forms when Glycine and Valine react?

A

Peptide bond

85
Q

What are classifications of proteins?

A

Globular and fibrous

85
Q

What are globular proteins used for?

A

Enzymes, antibodies, hormones

86
Q

What are fibrous proteins used for?

A

Keratin in hair

Structural functions

87
Q

Primary protein structure

A

Determined by DNA
Gives type, number and sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain
One gene codes for one polypeptide
Peptide bonds between each amino acid

88
Q

Bonds in primary protein

A

Peptide

89
Q

Secondary structure in proteins

A

Shape after primary
Peptide and hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen bonds twist and folds polypeptide to form an alpha helix (or a beta pleated sheet)

90
Q

Bonds in secondary protein

A

Peptide and hydrogen

91
Q

Tertiary structure proteins

A

Shape after secondary
Alpha helix further folded and twisted to give a 3D structure
Peptide, hydrogen, disulphide, ionic (& covalent hydrophobic) bonds
Bonds maintain active site shape

92
Q

Bonds in tertiary structure

A

Peptide, hydrogen, disulphide, ionic (& covalent hydrophobic) bonds

93
Q

Enzymes have a _____ structure

A

Tertiary

94
Q

Bonds in tertiary structure are to…

A

Maintain active site shape

95
Q

Quaternary structure protein

A

Combination of 2 or more different polypeptide chains in tertiary structure
Associated with non protein groups and form large complex molecules (e.g haemoglobin)

96
Q

Haemoglobin

A

4 polypeptide chains
4 genes needed to code for haemoglobin (each polypeptide molecule different)
Associated with non protein groups (haem group)
Quaternary protein structure

97
Q

Collagen

A

3 polypeptide molecules
1 gene needed to code for collagen (each polypeptide molecule the same)
Not associated with non protein groups
Secondary protein structure

98
Q

Globular proteins suited to function…

A

Compact, folded into 3D spherical molecules

Soluble in water

99
Q

Fibrous proteins suited to function…

A

Polypeptides in chains/sheets with cross linkages to form long fibres
Insoluble in water

100
Q

Example of globular protein and its function

A

Haemoglobin - transports O2 to tissues

101
Q

Example of fibrous protein and its function

A

Collagen - provided properties needed in tendons

Biology AS Level unit 1 (7 decks)

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