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Biology - Core Concepts > Cell structure and organisation > Flashcards

Cell structure and organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear pore and nuclear envelope?

A

Nucleus - contains the DNA which codes for protein synthesis
Nucleolus - synthesis of RNA and ribosomes
Nuclear pore - allow transport of RNA out of nucleus
Nuclear envelope - separate DNA from cytoplasm

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2
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls what goes in and out of cell

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3
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration. Synthesises ATP. Cristae increase the SA on where the respiratory process takes place

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4
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

A

Transport proteins which are synthesised by the attached ribosomes

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5
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

A

Synthesis and transport of lipids

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6
Q

What is the function of the Golgi body/apparatus?

A

Chemically modify proteins. Produce lysosomes and glycoproteins. Package proteins for secretion out of cell

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7
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

Are use in spindle formation (microtubules) in cell division

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8
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

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9
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Contain and isolate digestive enzymes which are released and destroy organelles. Digestion of material that has been taken into the cell

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10
Q

What is the function of vesicles?

A

Animals - Act as a contractile vacuole to maintain osmotic pressure
Plants - Storage of ions and organic molecules

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11
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis. Thylakoids contain photosynthetic pigments

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12
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Provide strength and support. Freely permeable to water

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13
Q

What is the function of the plasmodesmata?

A

Exchange of large organic materials via cytoplasmic streaming. Allows communication between adjacent cells

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14
Q

What size ribosomes are found in chloroplasts and mitochondria?

A

70s ribosomes

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15
Q

What size ribosomes are found in animal and plant cells?

A

80s ribosomes

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16
Q

How are proteins produced?

A
  1. One gene on the DNA codes for the amino acid sequence in one polypeptide
  2. Ribosomes synthesise the polypeptide
  3. The RER transports protein through the cell within it’s cisternae
  4. Protein packaged into transport vesicle
  5. The protein is chemically modified and either glycoproteins or lysosomes are produced
  6. Protein packaged into secretory vesicle and is secreted by exocytosis which requires ATP
  7. If stays in the cell then it’s a lysosome containing protease. Digests/hydrolyses worn out organelles
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17
Q

What does the DNA look like in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Linear DNA (nucleus)

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18
Q

What does the DNA look like in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Circular DNA (nucleoid/plasmid)

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19
Q

What is the size of ribosomes in a prokaryotic cell?

A

70s

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20
Q

What is the size of ribosomes in a eukaryotic cell?

A

80s

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21
Q

What are the cell walls of prokaryotes made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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22
Q

What are the cell walls of eukaryotes (if they have them) made of?

A

Cellulose (plants)
Chitin (fungi/insects)

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23
Q

Do prokaryotes contain membrane bound organelles?

A

No

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24
Q

Do eukaryotes contain membrane bound organelles?

A

Yes

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25
Q

Do bacteria contain mitochondria?

A

No

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26
Q

Do bacteria contain a RER?

27
Q

What is the function of a capsule in a bacterial cell?

A

Protects against dehydration and attack by WBC’s

28
Q

What is the structure of a virus?

A

DNA/RNA strand in the middle
Protein coat round the outside
Reverse transcriptase enzyme

29
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Groups or layers of similar cells with the same function e.g. connective, muscular and nervous tissues

30
Q

What is an organ?

A

Made up of more than one tissue. Different types of tissues working together to perform a function e.g. eye, heart, kidney

31
Q

What are epithelial tissues?

A

Lining tissue which covers the surface of organs, cavities and tubes. Cells are packed closely together and they rest on the basement membrane

32
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissues?

A

Protect cells underneath
Secrete substances
Absorb substances
Excrete waste products

33
Q

What are the five types of epithelial tissue?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Ciliated
Glandular

34
Q

What is the structure of squamous epithelial cells?

A

Thin and smooth cells

35
Q

What is the structure of cuboidal epithelial cells?

A

Box shaped

36
Q

What is the structure of columnar epithelial cells?

A

Column shaped have microvilli

37
Q

What is the structure of ciliated epithelial cells?

A

Column shaped and have cilia

38
Q

What is the structure of glandular epithelial cells?

A

In glands, either a single cell or groups of secretory epithelial cells organise into a gland shape

39
Q

What is the function of squamous epithelial cells?

A

Smooth lining to reduce friction
Thin layer of cells to allow gas exchange

40
Q

What is the function of cuboidal epithelial cells?

A

Help in absorption, secretion and excretion

41
Q

What is the function of columnar epithelial cells?

A

Microvilli increase surface area for absorption and secretion of substances

42
Q

What is the function of ciliated epithelial cells?

A

Ciliated cells waft dust/dirt out of air passages

43
Q

What is the function of glandular epithelial cells?

A

Produce and release different secretory products e.g. enzymes, hormones, saliva and mucus

44
Q

Where are squamous epithelial cells located in the body?

A

Line alveoli in lungs
Line the blood vessels (veins, arteries and capillaries)

45
Q

Where are cuboidal epithelial cells located in the body?

A

Kidneys, pancreas, salivary glands (small ducts)

46
Q

Where are columnar epithelial cells located in the body?

A

Microvilli located in small intestine

47
Q

Where are ciliated epithelial cells located in the body?

A

Trachea, bronchi, oviducts

48
Q

Where are glandular epithelial cells located in the body?

A

Glands e.g. salivary, pancreas, gastric

49
Q

What is the function of muscle tissues?

A

Able to shorten their length (contract)
Contain protein fibres of actin and myosin which slide past each other to shorten the cell

50
Q

What is the function of connective tissues?

A

Support body and to bind or connect all types of tissue

51
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A

Collagen and elastic fibres

52
Q

What is the structure of connective tissues?

A

Except for blood all connective tissues contain collagen in the extracellular material

53
Q

Where are connective tissues located?

A

Everywhere but the blood and bone

54
Q

What are the three types of muscular tissue?

A

Skeletal (striated) muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle

55
Q

What is the structure of skeletal (striated) muscle tissue?

A

Muscle cells joined together to form fibres. The striations are caused by overlapping protein molecules in the cells

56
Q

What is the structure of smooth muscle tissue?

A

Unstriated, individual cells which can shorten in length

57
Q

What is the structure of cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Fibres are striated and branched. Attached at their ends to adjoining fibres by thick plasma membranes called intercalated discs

58
Q

What is the function of skeletal (striated) muscle fibres?

A

Skeletal movement
Support soft tissues
Maintain posture and body position

59
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle fibres?

A

Maintain blood pressure and flow. ‘Housekeeping’ functions

60
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle fibres?

A

Rhythmic contraction to pump blood through heart

61
Q

Where can skeletal (striated) muscle fibres be found in the body?

A

Attached to bone by tendons

62
Q

Where can smooth muscle fibres be found in the body?

A

Walls of intestine, blood vessels and bladder

63
Q

Where can cardiac muscle fibres be found in the body?

Biology - Core Concepts (5 decks)

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