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Cell Molec > Cell Structure and Functional study > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Functional study Flashcards

1
Q

What does fluorescence microscopy show

A

the DNA and multiple proteins within the same cell

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2
Q

What are the different fluorescence microscopy colors based on organelle

A 
alpha tubulin- green 
actin-red 
DNA- blue 
golgi complex- yellow 
mitochondria- purple
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3
Q

Plasma membrane

A

protects cells interior from environment

allows biochemical reaction to proceed in a controlled manner

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4
Q

Ribosomes

A

construct polypeptides from amino acids

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5
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

dense protein network that gives cell its structure and shape

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6
Q

cytoplasm

A

everything between plasma membrane and nucleus

consists of semi fluid matrix (cytosol)

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7
Q

organelles with double membrane

A

mitochondria, nucleus, and chloroplast

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8
Q

major membrane enclosed organelles

A

lysosomes, vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, mitochondria, chloroplasts, nucleus

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9
Q

function of biomembranes

A

protection of cytoplasm from toxic substances, regulation of what goes in and out, and compartmentalize related enzymes

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10
Q

How does regulation of the biomembrane work

A

selectively permeable membrane

receptors on the plasma membrane detect hormones and send signal tp cytoplasm

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11
Q

Why is compartmentalizing related enzymes important

A

helps to have more concentrated substrate, biochemical reactions can proceed much faster

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12
Q

characteristics of lysosomes

A

very acidic to denature proteins and contains enzymes

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13
Q

What do lysosomes do

A

breakdown of macromolecules
Destroy larger, insoluble items brought into cell via phagocytosis
Autophagy (cell cleaning)

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14
Q

Lysosomes and disease

A

defects in macromolecule breakdown leaving an accumulation of them and thus leading to toxicity and cell death

ex. tay sachs disease

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15
Q

What do peroxisomes do

A

similar to lysosomes
detoxify cell- contain oxidases that neutralize free radicals
oxidize fatty acids- take large fatty acids and oxidize them into acetyl groups

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16
Q

What is ALD disease

A

defective peroxizomal fatty acid oxidation

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17
Q

Function of vacuoles

A

contain similar degradative enzymes (and acid) as lysosomes

universal storage facility for plant cells

regulates cell size

18
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum

A

extensive network of membrane sacs that are all connected to one another

sacs are called cisternae

empty space called ER lumen

19
Q

what differentiates rough and smooth ER

A

Rough has ribosomes studded on it

20
Q

Smooth ER function

A

synthesis of lipids
metabolism of carbs
detoxify drugs and poisons
store calcium ions in certain cell types

21
Q

Rough ER function

A

protein synthesis

membrane synthesis

22
Q

Name of golgi side close to ER

A

cis face

23
Q

Other side of golgi not close to ER

A

Trans face

24
Q

Function of glogi

A

makes carbs

receives proteins from rough ER and puts finishing touch

packages proteins into new vesicles and directs where they go

25
Q

Mitochondria Function

A

breakdown organic compounds into CO2/ H2O and convert the released energy into ATP

26
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A

photosynthesis (production of glucose)

27
Q

Chloroplast structure

A

two membranes

third inner membrane that forms flattened interconnected sacs called thylakoids

28
Q

Nucleus function

A

protects/ organizes genetic material
organizes the production of ribosomes
site where the genetic code is read and copied to RNA

29
Q

Key features of the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope: double layer membrane, contains nuclear pores
Nuclear lamina: complex meshwork of protein filaments that lines inner layer of envelope give shape and structural support
Chromosomes/ chromatin
Nucleolus- where RNA is made and ribosomal subunits made

30
Q

Properties that differ between cell types of organelles

A

size/shape
density
unique proteins/lipids

31
Q

What is the issue with size and density with eukaryotic cells

A

most have similar densities and sizes

32
Q

methods to differentiate cells based on presence of unique proteins

A

Fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS)

Laser capture microscopy

33
Q

Process of FACS

A

label cell of interest with fluorescent dye
put mixture into machine that moves cells through laser beam
laser detects cells. with/ without fluorescence
cells separated based on how much light they emit

34
Q

What is a plus to FACS

A

cells are alive so can study function

35
Q

How to fluorescently label a specific cell type

A

chose protein found on surface of cell type and add fluorescently labeled antibody that binds to selected protein

36
Q

Laser capture microscopy method

A

prep thin section of tissue
use microscope to find cell or group of cells that want to isolate
laser will melt small plastic probe that is then touched to the cell fo interest
after cooling the probe is lifted up taking cell with in

37
Q

Methods of plasma membrane mechanical disruption

A
  1. stir cells in high speed blender
  2. sonication (shooting sound wave through cell)
  3. Dounce homogenization- cell sheared by forcing through narrow space
  4. Repeated freeze/thaw cycles- disrupt cells through ice Crystal formation
  5. osmotic pressure
38
Q

What does differential centrifugation separate structures by

A

size and shape

large move to bottom faster then smaller one

39
Q

Order of spins of differential centrifugation

A

Nucleus first
second spin at higher speeds will pellet mitochondria, lysosomes, chloroplasts
Even higher speeds will pellet plasma membrane, golgi, ER, and vesicle membranes
everything left is ribosomes and small cytoplasmic molecules

40
Q

Stepe to purifying organelles

A
  1. breaking cells open
  2. separating groups of organelles by differential centrifugation
  3. isolating specific organelles by equilibrium centrifugation
41
Q

Equilibrium density gradient process

A
  1. create density gradient using sucrose or glycerol and put organelle mix on top
  2. Spin tube for fixed period of time (organelle will move to region of tube that has same density as itself)
42
Q

Other way to isolate organelles

A

using specific antibody and attaching metal ion to it, organelle will move to it

Cell Molec (5 decks)

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