Cell Structure and Functional study

Question 1

What does fluorescence microscopy show

Answer 1

the DNA and multiple proteins within the same cell

Question 2

What are the different fluorescence microscopy colors based on organelle

Answer 2

alpha tubulin- green 
actin-red 
DNA- blue 
golgi complex- yellow 
mitochondria- purple

Question 3

Plasma membrane

Answer 3

protects cells interior from environment

allows biochemical reaction to proceed in a controlled manner

Question 4

Ribosomes

Answer 4

construct polypeptides from amino acids

Question 5

Cytoskeleton

Answer 5

dense protein network that gives cell its structure and shape

Question 6

cytoplasm

Answer 6

everything between plasma membrane and nucleus

consists of semi fluid matrix (cytosol)

Question 7

organelles with double membrane

Answer 7

mitochondria, nucleus, and chloroplast

Question 8

major membrane enclosed organelles

Answer 8

lysosomes, vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, mitochondria, chloroplasts, nucleus

Question 9

function of biomembranes

Answer 9

protection of cytoplasm from toxic substances, regulation of what goes in and out, and compartmentalize related enzymes

Question 10

How does regulation of the biomembrane work

Answer 10

selectively permeable membrane

receptors on the plasma membrane detect hormones and send signal tp cytoplasm

Question 11

Why is compartmentalizing related enzymes important

Answer 11

helps to have more concentrated substrate, biochemical reactions can proceed much faster

Question 12

characteristics of lysosomes

Answer 12

very acidic to denature proteins and contains enzymes

Question 13

What do lysosomes do

Answer 13

breakdown of macromolecules
Destroy larger, insoluble items brought into cell via phagocytosis
Autophagy (cell cleaning)

Question 14

Lysosomes and disease

Answer 14

defects in macromolecule breakdown leaving an accumulation of them and thus leading to toxicity and cell death

ex. tay sachs disease

Question 15

What do peroxisomes do

Answer 15

similar to lysosomes
detoxify cell- contain oxidases that neutralize free radicals
oxidize fatty acids- take large fatty acids and oxidize them into acetyl groups

Question 16

What is ALD disease

Answer 16

defective peroxizomal fatty acid oxidation

Question 17

Function of vacuoles

Answer 17

contain similar degradative enzymes (and acid) as lysosomes

universal storage facility for plant cells

regulates cell size

Question 18

What is the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 18

extensive network of membrane sacs that are all connected to one another

sacs are called cisternae

empty space called ER lumen

Question 19

what differentiates rough and smooth ER

Answer 19

Rough has ribosomes studded on it

Question 20

Smooth ER function

Answer 20

synthesis of lipids
metabolism of carbs
detoxify drugs and poisons
store calcium ions in certain cell types

Question 21

Rough ER function

Answer 21

protein synthesis

membrane synthesis

Question 22

Name of golgi side close to ER

Answer 22

cis face

Question 23

Other side of golgi not close to ER

Answer 23

Trans face

Question 24

Function of glogi

Answer 24

makes carbs

receives proteins from rough ER and puts finishing touch

packages proteins into new vesicles and directs where they go

Question 25

Mitochondria Function

Answer 25

breakdown organic compounds into CO2/ H2O and convert the released energy into ATP

Question 26

Function of chloroplasts

Answer 26

photosynthesis (production of glucose)

Question 27

Chloroplast structure

Answer 27

two membranes | third inner membrane that forms flattened interconnected sacs called thylakoids

Question 28

Nucleus function

Answer 28

protects/ organizes genetic material organizes the production of ribosomes site where the genetic code is read and copied to RNA

Question 29

Key features of the nucleus

Answer 29

Nuclear envelope: double layer membrane, contains nuclear pores Nuclear lamina: complex meshwork of protein filaments that lines inner layer of envelope give shape and structural support Chromosomes/ chromatin Nucleolus- where RNA is made and ribosomal subunits made

Question 30

Properties that differ between cell types of organelles

Answer 30

size/shape density unique proteins/lipids

Question 31

What is the issue with size and density with eukaryotic cells

Answer 31

most have similar densities and sizes

Question 32

methods to differentiate cells based on presence of unique proteins

Answer 32

Fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) | Laser capture microscopy

Question 33

Process of FACS

Answer 33

label cell of interest with fluorescent dye put mixture into machine that moves cells through laser beam laser detects cells. with/ without fluorescence cells separated based on how much light they emit

Question 34

What is a plus to FACS

Answer 34

cells are alive so can study function

Question 35

How to fluorescently label a specific cell type

Answer 35

chose protein found on surface of cell type and add fluorescently labeled antibody that binds to selected protein

Question 36

Laser capture microscopy method

Answer 36

prep thin section of tissue use microscope to find cell or group of cells that want to isolate laser will melt small plastic probe that is then touched to the cell fo interest after cooling the probe is lifted up taking cell with in

Question 37

Methods of plasma membrane mechanical disruption

Answer 37

1. stir cells in high speed blender 2. sonication (shooting sound wave through cell) 3. Dounce homogenization- cell sheared by forcing through narrow space 4. Repeated freeze/thaw cycles- disrupt cells through ice Crystal formation 5. osmotic pressure

Question 38

What does differential centrifugation separate structures by

Answer 38

size and shape | large move to bottom faster then smaller one

Question 39

Order of spins of differential centrifugation

Answer 39

Nucleus first second spin at higher speeds will pellet mitochondria, lysosomes, chloroplasts Even higher speeds will pellet plasma membrane, golgi, ER, and vesicle membranes everything left is ribosomes and small cytoplasmic molecules

Question 40

Stepe to purifying organelles

Answer 40

1. breaking cells open 2. separating groups of organelles by differential centrifugation 3. isolating specific organelles by equilibrium centrifugation

Question 41

Equilibrium density gradient process

Answer 41

1. create density gradient using sucrose or glycerol and put organelle mix on top 2. Spin tube for fixed period of time (organelle will move to region of tube that has same density as itself)

Question 42

Other way to isolate organelles

Answer 42

using specific antibody and attaching metal ion to it, organelle will move to it