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Biology Unit 1 > Cell Structure and Function (Chapter 2) > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Function (Chapter 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is MRS GREN?

A

movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, and nutrition

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2
Q

key feautures of living things?

A
  • Made of CELLS
  • Require ENERGY (food)
  • REPRODUCE (species)
  • Maintain HOMEOSTASIS
  • ORGANIZED
  • RESPOND to environment
  • GROW and DEVELOP
  • EXCHANGE materials with surroundings (water, wastes, gases)
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3
Q

what are the principles of cell theory?

A
  • All living things are made of cells
  • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life)
  • Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)
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4
Q

what is unicellular?

A

Some organisms are composed of only a single cell (unicellular) which is usually identical to parent

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5
Q

what is multicellular?

A

Most organisms are composed of many cells (multicellular) that may organise into tissues

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6
Q

the features of cells?

A
  • Cells are different (undergo differentiation)
  • Cells are small & highly organised
  • Contain specialised structures (organelles) that carry out cell processes
  • All cells surrounded by a plasma membrane
  • Contain a set of instructions called DNA (genetic information)
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7
Q

two basic types of cells?

A
  • Prokaryotic cells
  • Eukaryotic cells
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8
Q

where are prokaryotic cells found?

A

found in bacteria

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9
Q

where are eukaryotic cells found?

A

found in protists, fungi, plants and animals

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10
Q

what are the shared characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Perform the same basic functions
  • Surrounded by plasma membrane to control what enters & leaves the cell
  • “Filled” with cytoplasm
  • Contain ribosomes to make protein
  • Contain DNA to give the general instructions for the cell’s life
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11
Q

What Makes Eukaryotic Cells Different?

A
  • Much larger
  • Much more complex
  • Contain a true nucleus to house the genetic material (DNA)
  • Linear DNA packaged into chromatin found inside the nucleus (more than one chromosome)
  • Contains specialised structures in the cytoplasm called organelles to carry out various functions
  • Not all have a cell wall
  • replication is highly regulated with selective origins and sequences
  • usually multicellular
  • large ribosomes
  • slower growth rate
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12
Q

What Makes Prokaryotic Cells Different?

A
  • Much smaller
  • Less complex
  • No true nucleus
  • Circular DNA that is found in the cytoplasm
  • No organelles found in the cytoplasm
  • Surrounded by a cell wall
  • replicates entire genome at once
  • unicellular
  • small ribosomes
  • faster growth rate
  • once long single loop of DNA and plasmids
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13
Q

what do prokaryotic cells size affect?

A
  • Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells.
  • Smaller surface area to volume allows nutrients to easily and quickly reach inner parts of the cell.
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14
Q

what do eukaryotic cells size affect?

A

Eukaryotic cells are larger and can not pass nutrients as quickly.

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15
Q

what are the specialised organelles required to do in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Carry out metabolism
  • Provide energy
  • Transport chemicals throughout the cell
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16
Q

what are the domains of prokaryotics?

A

archaea and bacteria

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17
Q

what are the kingdoms of prokaryotics?

A

archaea and bacteria

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18
Q

what is the domain of eukaryotics?

A

eukarya

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19
Q

what are the kingdoms of eukaryotics?

A

animalia, fungi, plantae, protista

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20
Q

what are cells?

A

Cells, the basic units of organisms, can only be observed under microscope

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21
Q

Three Basic types of cells include?

A
  • animal
  • plant
  • microbial
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22
Q

what is the typical cell size?

A

Typical cells range from 5 – 50 micrometers (microns) in diameter

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23
Q

what are eukaryotic cells?

A

any cells that contains a clearly defined nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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24
Q

what are prokaryotic cells?

A

any unicellular organisms that does not contain a membrane bound nucleus or organelles

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25
Q

what are the cell characteristics of archaea?

A

prokayotic, unicelluar
examples: aeropyrum pernix, thermosphaera aggregans, ignisphaera aggregans

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26
Q

what are the cell characteristics of bacteria?

A

prokaryotic, unicellular
examples: escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, wolbachia spp

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27
Q

what are the cell characteristics of animalia?

A

eurkaryotics, multicellular
examples: coral, worms, insects, fish, humans

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28
Q

what are the cell characteristics of fungi?

A

eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular
examples: yeast, mould, mushrooms

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29
Q

what are the cell characteristics of plantae?

A

eukaryotic, multicellular
examples: moss, ferns, conifers, flowering plants

30
Q

what are the cell characteristics of protista?

A

eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular
examples: algae, toxoplasma gondii, plasmodium

31
Q

characteristics of organelles?

A
  • Very small (Microscopic)
  • Perform various functions for a cell
  • Found in the cytoplasm
  • May or may not be membrane-bound
32
Q

what are the animal cell organelles?

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • nuclear pore
  • nucleus
  • nucleolus
  • chromatin
  • ribosomes
  • centrioles
  • microtubules
  • cytoplasm
  • plasma membrane
  • secretory vesicle
  • smooth endoplasmatic reticulum
  • rough endoplasmatic reticulum
  • golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes
  • vacuole
  • mitochondrion
33
Q

Cell or Plasma Membrane characteristics?

A
  • Composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins
  • Surrounds outside of ALL cells
  • Controls what enters or leaves the cell
  • Living layer
34
Q

Cytoplasm characteristics?

A
  • Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
  • Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place
  • Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs
  • Found in ALL cells
35
Q

The Control Organelle - Nucleus characteristics?

A
  • Controls the normal activities of the cell
  • Contains the DNA in chromosomes
  • Bounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores
  • Usually the largest organelle
  • Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes
  • Genes control cell characteristics
36
Q

Nuclear Envelope characteristics?

A
  • Double membrane surrounding nucleus
  • Also called nuclear membrane
  • Contains nuclear pores for materials to enter & leave nucleus
  • Connected to the rough ER
37
Q

where is DNA found?

A

Inside the Nucleus

38
Q

how is DNA be found in non dividing cells?

A

DNA is spread out and appears as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells

39
Q

how is DNA be found in dividing cells?

A

DNA is condensed & wrapped around proteins forming as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells

40
Q

Nucleolus characteristics?

A
  • Inside nucleus
  • Cell may have 1 to 3 nucleoli
  • Disappears when cell divides
  • Makes ribosomes that make proteins
41
Q

Cytoskeleton characteristics?

A
  • Helps cell maintain cell shape & also help move organelles around
  • Made of proteins
  • Microfilaments are threadlike & made of ACTIN
  • Microtubules are tubelike & made of TUBULIN
42
Q

Mitochondria characteristics?

A
  • “Powerhouse” of the cell
  • Generate cellular energy (ATP)
  • More active cells like muscle cells have MORE mitochondria
  • Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria
  • Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning glucose)
  • Mitochondria are shaped perfectly to maximize their productivity.
43
Q

what is the mitochondria made out of?

A

They are made of two membranes.
- The outer membrane
- The inner membrane

44
Q

what is the outer membrane of the mitochondria?

A

The outer membrane covers the organelle and contains it like a skin.

45
Q

what is the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

A

The inner membrane folds over many times and creates layered structures called cristae.

46
Q

what is the fluid in the mitochondria called?

A

The fluid contained in the mitochondria is called the matrix.

47
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum characteristics?

A
  • Network of hollow membrane tubules
  • Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane
  • Functions in Synthesis of cell products & Transport
48
Q

what are the kinds of Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Two kinds of Endoplasmic Reticulum: ROUGH & SMOOTH

49
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum characteristics?

A
  • Has ribosomes on its surface
  • Makes membrane proteins and proteins for EXPORT out of cell
  • Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER surface
  • They are then threaded into the interior of the Rough ER to be modified and transported
50
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum characteristics?

A
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum lacks ribosomes on its surface
  • Is attached to the ends of rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Makes cell products that are USED INSIDE the cell
  • Makes membrane lipids (steroids)
  • Regulates calcium (muscle cells)
  • Destroys toxic substances (Liver)
51
Q

what does the Endomembrane System include?

A

Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell membrane (transport)

52
Q

Ribosomes chromosomes?

A
  • Made of PROTEINS and rRNA
  • “Protein factories” for cell
  • Join amino acids to make proteins
  • Process called protein synthesis
  • Can be attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytoplasm
53
Q

Golgi Complex (Golgi Body) characteristics?

A
  • A Golgi body, also known as a Golgi apparatus, is a cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell.
  • Materials are transported from Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum to Golgi to the cell membrane by VESICLES
54
Q

Lysosomes characteristics?

A
  • Contain digestive enzymes
  • Break down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts for cells
  • Programmed for cell death (AUTOLYSIS)
  • Lyse (break open) & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts)
  • Cells take in food by phagocytosis
  • Lysosomes digest the food & get rid of wastes
55
Q

Cilia & Flagella characteristics?

A
  • Made of protein tubes called microtubules
  • Function in moving cells, in moving fluids, or in small particles across the cell surface
  • Cilia are shorter & more numerous on cells
  • Flagella are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells
  • cilia cells move mucus out of lungs
56
Q

what are the plant cell organelle?

A
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • golgi apparatus
  • chloroplast
  • vacuole
  • mitochondria
  • cell membrane
  • cell wall
  • cytoplasm
  • amyloplast
  • ribosome
  • peroxisome
  • nucleolus
  • nucleus
57
Q

Cell Wall characteristics?

A
  • Non living layer
  • Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria
  • Made of cellulose in plants
  • Made of peptidoglycan in bacteria
  • Made of chitin in Fungi
  • Supports and protects cell
  • Found outside of the cell membrane
58
Q

Vacuoles characteristics?

A
  • Fluid filled sacs for storage
  • Small or absent in animal cells
  • Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole
  • No vacuoles in bacterial cells
  • In plants, they store Cell Sap
  • Includes storage of sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes
59
Q

Chloroplasts characteristics?

A
  • Found only in producers (organisms containing chlorophyll)
  • Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)
  • Energy from sun stored in the Chemical Bonds of Sugars
  • Contains its own DNA
  • Contains enzymes & pigments for Photosynthesis
  • Never in animal or bacterial cells
  • Photosynthesis – food making process
60
Q

plant cell differences?

A
  • Rectangular shape
  • Chloroplast
  • Plastids
  • Rigid cell wall
61
Q

animal cell differences?

A
  • Irregular circle-like shape
  • Lysosomes
  • Cilia
62
Q

plant and animal cell similarities?

A
  • Eukaryotic Cell
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
63
Q

how is surface area determined?

A
  • Surface area (plasma membrane surface) is determined by multiplying length times width (L x W)
  • In general, the surface area is the sum of all the areas of all the shapes that cover the surface of the object.
64
Q

how is volume determined?

A

Volume of a cell is determined by multiplying length times width times height (L x W x H)

65
Q

does surface area or volume increase faster?

A

Volume increases FASTER than the surface area

66
Q

how large can cells get?

A

Basically, cells have a limit as to how large they can get. Every cell has a limit of surface area to volume ratio to ensure that the exchange of resources and waste occurs quickly enough for the cell to survive.

67
Q

what happens if a cell grows beyond its limit?

A

The important point is that the surface area to the volume ratio gets smaller as the cell gets larger. Thus, if the cell grows beyond a certain limit, not enough material will be able to cross the membrane fast enough to accommodate the increased cellular volume.

68
Q

what must cells maintain?

A
  • Every living cell must maintain its internal environment within a narrow range of conditions, such as pH and the concentrations of ions and chemical compounds.
  • At the same time, a cell must carry out a variety of functions that are essential for life.
  • These functions include trapping a source of energy, obtaining the chemical building blocks needed for cellular repair, growth and reproduction, taking up water and nutrients, and removing wastes.
69
Q

what do the essential functions of the cell require?

A
  • These essential functions require a constant exchange of material between the cell and its external environment.
  • The site of exchange where materials are moved into or out of a cell is the plasma membrane, also termed the cell membrane.
  • The plasma membrane must enable enough exchange between the external and internal environments to support these life functions.
  • The exchange of materials must occur at rates sufficient to ensure that substances are delivered fast enough into cells to meet their nutrient needs and that wastes are removed fast enough from the cells to avoid their accumulation.
70
Q

what is a critical issue in keeping a cell alive?

A

A critical issue in keeping a cell alive is the surface area of plasma membrane available to supply material to or remove wastes from the metabolically active cytoplasm of the cell. This can be quantified by a measure termed the surface-area-to-volume ratio, abbreviated SA:V ratio, this shows why cells are so small.

Biology Unit 1 (4 decks)

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