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Biology > cell structure and division > Flashcards

cell structure and division Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a eukarotic cell?

A

plantr and animal cells, larger than prokarotic cells, DNA contained in the nucleus. Most eukaryotic cells are part of complex multicellular organisms containing a range of specialised cells to perform a variety of functions

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2
Q

what are the eukarotic organisms?

A

plant, animal and fungi

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3
Q

what are the organelles in an animal cell?

A

cell membrane
vacuole
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
golgi apparatus
cytoplasm
lysosome
ribosome
centrosome
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
mitochondrion / mitochondria

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4
Q

what are the organelles in a plant cell?

A

plasmodesmata
plasma membrane
cell wall
chloroplast
vacuole
mitochondrion / mitochondria
peroxisome
cytoplasm
golgi vesicles
golgi body/apparatus
rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
nucleus - nuclear pore, nuclear envelope, nucleolus
ribosomes
small membranous vesicles
filamentous cytoskeleton

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5
Q

what are the 10 organelles you need to know the structure and function of?

A
  1. cell surface membrane
  2. nucleus
  3. mitochondria
  4. chloroplasts
  5. golgi apparatus and golgi vesicles
  6. lysosomes
  7. ribosomes
  8. RER and SER
  9. cell wall
  10. cell vacuole
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6
Q

what is the structure of the cell-surface membrane?

A

> found in all cells
phospholipid bilayer - molecules embedded within and attached on the outside e.g. protein, carbohydrates, cholesterol

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7
Q

what is the function of the cell-surface membrane?

A

controls the entrance and exit of molecules in the cell

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8
Q

what is the structure of the nucleus?

A

> surrounded b a double membrane called nuclear envelope
nuclear pores - allow the passage of large molecules such as RNA out of the nucleus
nucleoplasm - jelly making up the bulk of the nucleus
nucleolus - manufactures RNA

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9
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

> control centre of the cell
retain genetic information

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10
Q

what is thhe structure of mitochondria?

A

> double membrane
an inner membrane called the cristae
fluid centre called the mitochondrial matrix
contains 70S ribosomes and circular DNA

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11
Q

what is the function of mitochondria?

A

site of aerobic respiration and ATP production

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12
Q

what is the sructure of chloroplasts?

A

> surrounded by a double membrane
fluid-filled stoma contains enzmes for photosynthesis
found in plants
contains 70S ribosomes and circular DNA

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13
Q

what is the function of chloroplasts?

A

they are the site of photosynthesis

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14
Q

what is the structure of the golgi apparatus?

A

folded membranes making cisternae

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15
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

> contains vesicles
transport modify and store proteins and lipids produced by the ER
produce lysosomes

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16
Q

what is the structure of lysosomes?

A

> contain digestive enzymes
formed when vesicles contain useful enzymes

17
Q

what is the function of lysosomes?

A

contain digestive enzymes to break down waste

18
Q

what is the sructure of ribosomes?

A

80S in eukaryotic cells, 70S in prokaryotic cells
80S = about 25nm in diameter

19
Q

what is the function of ribosomes?

A

the site of protein synthesis

20
Q

what is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

> rough and smoothh ER both have folded membranes called cisternae
the RER hhas ribosomes on the cisternae

21
Q

what is the function of the RER?

A

> carry out protein synthesis
pathway for the transport of materials e.g. proteins throughout the cell

22
Q

what is the function of the SER?

A

synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates

23
Q

what is the sructure of the cell wall?

A

> found in plants and fungal cells
plants - made of microfibrils of the cellulose polymer
fungi - made of chitin, a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide

24
Q

what is the function of the cell wall?

A

provides structural strength to the cell

25
Q

whatis the structure of the vacuole?

A

filled with fluid surrounded by a single membrane called a tonoplast

26
Q

what is the function of the vacuole?

A

> makes the cell turgid and thherefore provides support
temporary store of sugars and amino acids

27
Q

what are the 3 additional features that bacteria also contain?

A
  1. plasmids
  2. capsule (not all)
  3. flagella
28
Q

what is the role of plasmids

A

rings of DNA containing genes linked to survival such as antibiotic resistance, help bacteria to survive in severe conditions

29
Q

what is the role of the capsule?

A

suurounds cell wall, provides protection from other cells and helps bacteria agglutinate (stick together), prevents dethocation which means drying out

30
Q

what is the role of flagella?

A

used for locomotion

31
Q

what type of ribosomes do prokaryotic cells have?

A

70S ribosomes

32
Q

what is the bacteria cell wall made of?

A

murein not cellulose

Biology (8 decks)

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