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biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a monomer?

A

small, single units that act as the building blocks to create larger molecules

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2
Q

what is a polymer?

A

made up of many monomers, usually thousands that are chemically bonded together to make large complex molecules

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3
Q

what is a dimer?

A

2 monomers linked

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4
Q

what is a trimer?

A

3 monomers linked

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5
Q

what is the equation for the formation of a dimer?

A

c6h12o6 + c6h12o6 —> c12h22o11 + h2o

monomer + monomer —> dimer + water

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6
Q

what is the chemical reaction that bonds monomers together called?

A

a condensation reaction

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7
Q

what does a condensation reaction involve?

A

they involve the removal of a water molecule. this enables a chhemical bond to form between the monomers

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8
Q

what is the chemical reaction called that split the chemical bond within a dimer or polymer?

A

a hydrolysis reaction

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9
Q

what happens in a hydrolysis reaction?

A

a water molecule is added between two bonded monomers to break the chemical bond

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10
Q

what do the monomers nucleotides (DNA and RNA) make when a condensation reaction takes place

A

they make the polymers polynucleotides

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11
Q

what do the monomers monosaccharides make when a condensation reaction takes place

A

they make the polymers polysaccharides

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12
Q

what do the monomers amino acids make a condensation reaction takes place?

A

they make the polymers polypeptides (proteins)

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13
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

they are key biological molecules that store energy and can provide structural support to plant cells

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14
Q

what are the 3 groups that carbohydrates can be classified into which are determined by the units they are made of?

A

monosaccharides (monomers)
disaccharides (dimers)
polysaccharides (polymers)

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15
Q

whhat are the 3 monosaccharides?

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

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16
Q

what are the 3 disaccharides?

A

maltose
sucrose
lactose

17
Q

what are the 3 polysaccharides?

A

starch
glycogen
cellulose

18
Q

which of the 3 classified carbohydrates are soluble in water?

A

monosaccharides, they are simple sugars and soluble in water

19
Q

what is the function of monosaccharides?

A

either to provide energy or to be a building block to create larger molecules

20
Q

what are the 3 elements that all carbohydrates contain?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

21
Q

what is the general formula for monosaccharides?

A

CnH2nOn (n = the number of carbon atoms it contains)

22
Q

what is glucose?

A

a very important monomer that can provide energy or be polymerised to form a structural support molecule (cellulose) or energy storage molecule (glycogen and starch)

23
Q

glucose has 2 structural isomers, what is meant by an isomer?

A

compounds that hhave the same formula, but the atoms are arranged differently

24
Q

what is the structure of alpha glucose?

A

picture to be added

25
Q

what is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

the (H) and (OH) group on carbon 1 swap around

26
Q

how many bonds does hydrogen have in glucose?

A

1 bond

27
Q

how many bonds does oxygen have in glucose?

A

2 bonds

28
Q

how man bonds does carbon have in glucose?

A

4 bonds

29
Q

whhat do 2 alpha glucose molecules form when a condensation reaction takes place?

A

maltose

30
Q

what is a 1-4 glycosidic bond?

A

the bond that forms during condensation between two glucose molecules

31
Q

what are disaccharides?

A

two monosaccharides bonded together by a cosidic bond

32
Q

what are the 3 disacchharides to remember?

A

maltose
lactose
sucrose

33
Q

what monomers make maltose?

A

glucose + glucose

34
Q

what monomers make lactose?

A

glucose + galactose

35
Q

what monomers make sucrose?

A

glucose + fructose

36
Q

how does a condensation reaction create a disaccharide?

A

a water molecule is removed from the hydroxyl group (OH) on carbon 1 and carbon 4 on the two monosaccharides

37
Q

what is the bond formed in a condensation reaction between monosaccharides?

A

1-4 glycosidic bond

38
Q

what is the reaction called where disaccharides are broken back into monosaccharides?

A

a hydrolysis reaction

Biology (8 decks)

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