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Biology > Cell Structure and Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic

A
  • Eukaryotic = animal/plant cell, has membrane bound organelles
  • prokaryotic = bacteria, has no membrane bound organelles
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2
Q

Tissue definition

A

A group of specialised cells

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3
Q

Organ definition

A

Made of different tissues

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4
Q

Organ System definition

A

Different organs working together

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5
Q

What is an animal cell made of?

A
  • Organelles - all have membrane except the ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm - site of chemical reaction
  • cell membrane (holds cell contents together, controls what enters/leaves cell, cell signalling)
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6
Q

Structure of nucleus

A
  • contains DNA
  • DNA wrapped around histones to form chromatin
  • nucleus has a double membrane, called nuclear envelope, which contains pores
  • at centre of nucleus in nucleolus - produces mRNA
  • rest of nucleus made of nucleoplasm (contains the DNA)
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7
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • 2 types = rough and smooth
  • Rough ER has ribosomes on it, makes proteins
  • Smooth ER has no ribosomes on it, makes lipids/carbohydrates
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8
Q

Golgi body/apparatus

A
  • modifies and packages proteins
  • packages them into vesicles for transport
  • digestive enzymes are placed into lysosomes
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9
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • site of respiration, releases energy, produces ATP (energy carrier molecule)
  • has a double membrane, inner membrane folded into Cristae (increases SA for enzymes of respiration)
  • middle portion called matrix
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10
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • attached to RER

- site of protein synthesis

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11
Q

What is a plant cell made of?

A
  • organelles - all have membrane except the ribosomes
  • cytoplasm
  • cell wall (made of cellulose, prevents cell from bursting or shrinking
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12
Q

Structure of chloroplast

A
  • organelle for photosynthesis
  • has double membrane
  • contains discs called thylakoids
  • thylakoids contain chlorophyll
  • stack of thylakoids is called geranium
  • thylakoids surrounded by a fluid called stroma
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13
Q

Vacuole

A

surrounded by a membrane called a tonoplast, contains cell sap (water, sugar, minerals)

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14
Q

What is bacteria made of?

A
  • No nucleus - loose DNA in the form of a plasmid
  • No membrane bound organelles: smaller ribosomes, mesosomes 0 unfolding of cell membrane for respiration
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane & cell wall (made of peptidoglycan/murein)
  • some have a capsule (reduce water loss, protect from phagocytosis) and flagella (movement)
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15
Q

What is virus made of?

A
  • DNA or RNA (if RNA, also has an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to turn RNA into DNA)
  • Protein coat called capsid and lipid coat
  • Attachment proteins on outside
  • (infects host cells by attaching using their attachment protein, send in their DNA which uses the cell to make the viruses components and uses the cell membrane to make the viruses lipid coat, hence, producing copies of the virus and destroying the host cell)
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16
Q

What is cell division?

A
  • formation of new cells in multicellular organisms (animals & plants)
  • 2 methods = mitosis and meiosis
  • mitosis = produces genetically identical cells for growth & repair of tissues
  • meiosis = produces genetically different haploid cells as gametes for sexual reproduction
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17
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

2 genetically identical cells, diploid (have full set of chromosomes?DNA)

18
Q

Benefit of mitosis

A

Growth and repair of tissues

19
Q

Stages of mitosis

A

interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

20
Q

Interphase

A

G1: protein synthesis
S: DNA replication
G2: organelle synthesis

21
Q

Mitosis

A

Prophase: DNA coils to form chromosomes, nucleus breakdown, spindle fibres form

Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and attach to spindle fibre via centromere

Anaphase: spindle fibres pull, centromere splits, sister chromatids move to opposite sides

Telophase: chromatids uncoil, nucleus reforms

22
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Separating cell into 2

23
Q

What is cancer?

A

formation of a tumour due to uncontrolled cell division

24
Q

How does uncontrolled cell division occur?

A
  • due to mutation of DNA/cells forming cancer cells
  • mutation can occur randomly or due to mutagens (chemicals/radiation)
  • cancer cells are rapidly dividing cells, they spend less time in interphase and more Tim din the other stages
25
Q

Treatment for cancer

A

Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy

26
Q

How do bacteria do cell division?

A
  • Binary fission

- copy their DNA and then separate into 2 new genetically identical bacteria

27
Q

2 types of microscopes

A

Light and Electron (transmission and scanning)

28
Q

How to judge a microscope

A

Magnification and Resolution

29
Q

Magnification

A

how much larger the image size is compared to the actual size

30
Q

Which has higher magnification?

SEM, LM or TEM

A

TEM > SEM > LM

31
Q

Formula for magnification

A

magnification = image size/actual size

32
Q

conversions

A

1mm = 1000 micrometre, 1 mm = 1,000,000 nanometre

33
Q

Why can organelles appear different in images?

A

viewed from different angles and at different levels/depths

34
Q

Resolution

A

Minimum distance at which 2 very close object can be distinguished

35
Q

Which type of microscope has the higher resolution?

A

TEM > SEM > LM

36
Q

Why does electron microscope have higher resolution?

A

Electron microscope uses electrons which have a shorter wavelength

37
Q

Difference between TEM and SEM

A

in transmission the electrons pass through the specimen

in scanning the electrons bounce off the specimen’s surface

38
Q

Advantage and Disadvantage of TEM

A
  • advantage = highest magnification and highest resolution

- disadvantage = works in a vacuum so can only observe dead specimens, black and white images, artefacts

39
Q

Advantage and Disadvantage of SEM

A
  • advantage = produces 3D image

- disadvantage = works in a vacuum so can only observe dead specimens, black and white images, artefacts

40
Q

Cell fractionation

A
  • breakdown tissue into cells (cut, pestle & mortar)
  • add cold/isotonic/buffer solution (cold = reduce enzyme activity, isotonic = same water potential so organelle does not shrink or burst, buffer = maintains constant pH)
  • homogenate - breaks open cells releasing organelles
  • filter = removes large debris and intact cells
  • centrifuge - spin a t low speed, largest organelle builds at bottom (nucleus), leaves supernatant, spin at higher speed, next heaviest organelle forms at bottom (chloroplast or mitochondria)

Biology (8 decks)

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