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AS Biology F211 Spec > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Resolution and magnification of a light microscope

A

Mag: x1500 ; Res: x200nm

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2
Q

Resolution and magnification of electron microscopes

A

TEM - Mag: x500,000 ; Res: 0.1nm

SEM - Mag: x100,000 ; Res: 0.1nm

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3
Q

Magnification

A

Degree to which the size of an image is larger than the object itself. Magnification = image size/actual size

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4
Q

Resolution

A

The degree to which it is possible to distinguish between two objects that are very close together. The higher the resolution, the greater detail you can see.

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5
Q

Staining

A

Refers to any process that helps to reveal or distinguish different features. In light microscopy, stains may be colours or fluorescent dyes. In electron microscopy, they are metal particles or metal salts.

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6
Q

Magnification equation

A

Magnification = image size/actual size

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7
Q

Nucleus function

A

Houses nearly all of the cell’s genetic material. Chromatin consists of DNA and proteins. Has the instructions for making proteins. Chromatin condenses into chromosomes when cells divide.

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8
Q

Nucleolus function

A

Makes RNA and ribosomes. These pass into the cytoplasm and proteins are assembled at them

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9
Q

Nucleus structure

A

Largest organelle; shows darkened patches of chromatin when stained. Surrounded by a nuclear envelope.

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10
Q

Nucleolus structure

A

Dense, spherical, inside the nucleus

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11
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Surrounds nucleus. 2 membranes with fluid in between. Nuclear pores go through the envelope, allowing relatively large molecules to exit/enter the nucleus.

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12
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

A

Transports proteins that were made on the attached ribosomes. Some may be secreted from cell, others onto the cell surface membrane.

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13
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum funtion

A

Involved in making the lipids (steroids/other) the cell needs.

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14
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum structure

A

Series of flattened, membrane bound sacs called cisternae. Continuous with outer nuclear membrane. Rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER doesn’t

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15
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A

Receives proteins from ER and modifies them, e.g. adding sugar molecules. Packages the proteins into vesicles to be transported.

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16
Q

Golgi apparatus structure

A

A stack of membrane bound flattened sacs. Looks like a pile of pitta bread

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17
Q

Mitochondria function

A

Where ATP is produced during respiration. ATP provides energy for almost all the activities that require it in the cell.

18
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

Spherical/sausage shaped. 2 membranes, separated by a fluid filled space. Inner membrane is folded into cristae. Central part is the matrix

19
Q

Chloroplast function

A

Site of photosynthesis in plant cells. Light energy is used to drive the reactions of photosynthesis, in which carbohydrate molecules are made from carbon dioxide and water

20
Q

Chloroplast structure

A

Only in plant cells and some protoctists. 2 membranes, separated by fluid filled space. Inner membrane is continuous, with a network of flattened membrane sacs called thylakoids.

21
Q

Stack of thylakoids

A

A granum (inside chloroplasts). Chlorophyll molecules found here

22
Q

Lysosome function

A

Contain digestive enzymes for breaking down materials, e.g. invading microorganisms

23
Q

Lysosome structure

A

Spherical sacs, with a single membrane

24
Q

Ribosome function

A

Site of protein synthesis. Act as an assembly line where mRNA (from nucleus) is used to assemble proteins from amino acids

25
Q

Ribosome structure

A

Tiny organelles. Some in cyoplasm, some on ER. Consist of 2 subunits.

26
Q

Centrioles function

A

Take part in cell division. Form fibres known as the spindle, moving chromosomes in nuclear division

27
Q

Centrioles sructure

A

Small tubes of protein fibres (microtubules). Pair next to the nucleus of animal cells and in the cells of some protoctists.

28
Q

Sequence of making a protein

A
  • Instructions in the nucleus, on a gene (on a chromosome)
  • mRNA copies the instructions in DNA
  • mRNA attaches to ribosome in cytoplasm/on rough ER
  • ribosome assembles protein
  • protein travels through rough ER
  • protein pinched off in a vesicle
  • protein arrives at Golgi apparatus
  • Golgi packages and modifies the protein (e.g. adding sugars to form glycoprotein)
29
Q

Types of fibres in cytoskeleton

A

Actin filaments; microtubules. Made of protein. Keep cell in stable shape and provide an internal framework

30
Q

Function of actin fibres in cytoskeleton

A

Like fibres found in muscle, can move against each other. Cause movement in white blood cells, and move organelles around inside the cell

31
Q

Function of microtubules in cytoskeleton

A

25nm in diameter, made of protein called tubulin. Used to move microorganisms through liquid/waft a liquid past a cell. Other proteins in microtubules move organelles and other stuff around inside the cell, e.g. chromosomes in mitosis, vesicles. Proteins are called microtubule motors, and use ATP.

32
Q

Flagella in eukaryotes structure

A

Correctly called undulipodia. Hair-like extensions from surface of cell. Made of a cylinder of 9 microtubules in a circle, with 2 more microtubules in a central bundle. Longer than cillia

33
Q

Flagella in eukaryotes function

A

Forms the tail of the sperm cell, and tail on Trichomonas protoctist. Enables whole cell to move

34
Q

Cillia structure

A

Hair-like extensions from surface of cell. Made of a cylinder of 9 microtubules in a circle, with 2 more microtubules in a central bundle. Shorter than undulipodia

35
Q

Cillia function

A

Sweeping movement of cillia move substances across surface of cell, e.g. mucus

36
Q

Flagella in prokaryotes

A

Look like eukaryotic undulipodia, but are made of a spiral of protein (flagellin). This spins, acting as a motor.

37
Q

Differences of prokaryotic cells (8)

A
  • only one membrane: cell surface membrane
  • no membrane bound organelles (little internal organisation)
  • cell wall made of peptidoglycan (murein), not cellulose
  • ribosomes are smaller
  • DNA is in the cytoplasm in a single loop, a ‘circular chromosome’ and in plasmids
  • DNA not surrounded by a membrane. Lies in a general area called the nucleoid (no nucleus)
  • ATP production occurs in infolded regions of cell surface membrane called mesosomes
  • structure of flagella is different
38
Q

Differences of plant cells (5)

A
  • Cell wall, made of cellulose
  • Plasmodesmata to connect adjacent cells
  • Contain a large vacuole
  • Contain chloroplasts
  • Don’t have microvilli, lysosomes or centrioles
39
Q

Size of ribosomes

A

Eukaryotic: 22nm diameter
Prokaryotic: 18nm diameter

40
Q

Function of cytoskeleton

A
  • provides strength and stability to cell
  • moves membrane for endo/exocytosis
  • moves organelles around cell and chromosomes in mitosis
  • holds organelles in place
  • makes up centrioles/spindle fibres

AS Biology F211 Spec (6 decks)

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