Cell structure Flashcards
1
Q
is the fundamental unit of any living organism
A
cell
2
Q
it exhibits the basic characteristics of life
A
cell
3
Q
cells have 2 categories
A
eukaryotic and prokaryotic
4
Q
some microbes are prokaryotes like
A
bacteria and archaea
5
Q
some microbes are eukaryotic like
A
algae, protozoa, fungi
6
Q
some microbes are not composed of cells like
A
viruses, prions, viroids
7
Q
types of microbes
A
acellular and cellular
8
Q
has no cells
A
acellular
9
Q
has cells
A
cellular
10
Q
eukaryotic cells contain a
A
true nucleus
11
Q
true nucleus consists of
A
nucleoplasm, chromosomes, nuclear membrane
12
Q
eukaryotic cells posses a ___ system of ____ and _____ organelles
A
complex, membranes, membrane bound
13
Q
Do prokaryotic cells contain a true nucleus?
A
no
14
Q
do prokaryotic cells contain membranes and membrane bound organelles?
A
no
15
Q
both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells posses a
A
cell membrane
16
Q
have selective permeability, allowing only certain substances to pass through them
A
cell membrane
17
Q
command center of the cell
A
eukaryotic nucleus
18
Q
3 components of eukaryotic nucleus
A
nucleoplasm, chromosomes, nuclear membrane
19
Q
chromosomes are embedded in the
A
nucleoplasm
20
Q
eukaryotic chromosomes consist of
A
linear DNA molecules and proteins
21
Q
Genes are located along
A
chromosomes
22
Q
an organism’s complete collection of genes is referred to as its
A
genotype or genome
23
Q
each gene contains the information to produce
A
one or more gene products (usually proteins)
24
Q
although most genes code for ____, some code for 2 types of ____
A
proteins, RNA
25
RNA meaning
ribonucleic acid
26
rRNA meaning
ribosomal ribonucleic acid
27
tRNA
transfer ribonucleic acid
28
is the number and composition of chromosomes and the number of genes on each chromosomes are characteristic of the particular species of organism?
yes
29
human diploid cells have ___ chromosomes, ___ pairs
46, 23
30
it has been estimated that the human genome consists of between
20,000 and 30,000 genes
31
units of heredity made of DNA that carry instructions for making proteins or functional RNA
genes
32
They determine traits and are passed from parents to offspring, influencing the development and function of living organisms.
genes
33
semi fluid, gelatinous, nutrient matrix
cytoplasm
34
contains storage granules and a variety of organelles
cytoplasm
35
where most metabolic reactions occur
cytoplasm
36
consists of organelles with specific functions
cytoplasm
37
highly convoluted system of membranes arranged to form a transport network in the cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum
38
ER has two types
rough ER, smooth ER
39
rough ER has ribosomes attached to it; smooth ER does not
yes
40
consists of ribosomal RNA and proteins
ribosomes
41
the sites of protein synthesis
ribosomes
42
also called golgi apparatus or golgi body
golgi complex
43
connects or communicates with ER
golgi complex
44
completes the transformation of newly synthesized proteins and packages them for storage or export
golgi complex
45
do lysosomes and peroxisomes originate from the golgi complex
yes
46
contain lysozyme and other digestive enzymes
lysosomes and peroxisomes
47
membrane bound vesicles where h202 is generated and broken down
peroxisomes
48
role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by managing waste and recycling materials.
lysosomes
49
powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
50
ATP molecules are produced here by cellular respiration
mitochondria
51
membrane bound structure containing photosynthetic pigments
plastids
52
sites of photosynthesis
plastids
53
are chloroplasts a type of plastid?
yes
54
do chloroplasts contain clorophyll?
yes
55
green pigment found in plants
chlorophyll
56
absorbs light primarily red and blue
chlorophyll
57
systems of fibers throughout the cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
58
cytoskeleton has 3 types of fibers
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
59
external structure to provide shape, protection and rigidity to the cell
cell wall
60
simpler in structure than prokaryotic cell
cell wall
61
found in cell walls of fungi; cellulose of cell walls of algae and plants
chitin
62
tough, fibrous polysaccharide; provides structural support and protection
chitin
63
similar to cellulose but contains nitrogen, making it stronger and more resilient.
chitin
64
cell walls are present in
plants, algae, fungi, most bacteria
65
cell walls are absent in
animals, protozoa, mycoplasma species
66
long thin whiplike organelles of locomotion called
flagella
67
flagellated cells may possess one or more
flagella
68
rotate or whip back and forth, allowing the cell to move through liquid environment; plays a key role in motility
flagella
69
some cells move by ___, are shorter thinner and more numerous than flagella, hair like
cilia
70
found in some species of protozoa and certain types of cells in our bodies (ciliated epithelial cells in resp tract)
cilia
71
are about 10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells
prokaryotic cells
72
are simple compared to eukaryotic cells
prokaryotic cells
73
prokaryotic cells reproduce by
binary fission
74
all bacteria and archaea are
prokaryotes
75
unlike eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells are not filled with ___
internal membranes
76
the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells is surrounded by a ____
cell membrane, cell wall (usually), and capsule or slime layer
77
is the cell membrane of prokaryotic cells similar to eukaryotic cells?
yes
78
is cell membrane selectively permeable?
yes
79
many enzymes are attached to the ___ and metabolic reactions take place there
cell membrane
80
prokaryotic chromosomes usually consists of a ____
single, long supercoiled, circular DNA molecule
81
are small circular molecules of DNA that are not part of the chromosome (extra chromosomal)
plasmids
82
semi liquid that consists of water, enzymes, waste products, nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids (materials required for metabolic functions)
cytoplasm
83
most cytoplasmic particles are
ribosome, some occur in clusters
84
eukaryotic ribosomes are ___ than prokaryotic ribosomes, but their function is the same
smaller
85
a rigid exterior that defines the shape of bacterial cells - chemically complex
bacterial cell wall
86
main constituent of most bacterial cell walls is
peptidoglycan
87
gram positive bacteria have a
thick layer or peptidoglycan
88
gram negative bacteria have a
thin layer of peptidoglycan
89
mycoplasma spp. do not have a cell wall, they are
pleomorphic
90
organism that can take on multiple shapes
pleomorphic
91
slimy, gelatinous material produced by cell membrane and secreted outside of the cell wall that some bacteria possess
glycocalyx
92
2 types of glycocalyx
slime layer (loosely connected to cell wall)
capsule (highly organized and firmly connected)
93
pseudomonas spp. produces what type of glycocalyx
slime layer
94
K. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis and S. pneumoniae posses what glycoalyx
capsule
95
flagella of peritrichous bacteria
over entire surface
96
flagella of lophotrichous bacteria
at one end
97
flagella of amphitrichous bacteria
at both ends
98
flagella of monotrichous bacteria
single polar
99
pili also called
fimbriae
100
hair like structures, most often observed on gram negative bacteria
pili
101
composed of polymerized protein molecules
pili
102
are thinner than flagella, have rigid structure and are not associated with motility
pili
103
enable bacteria to anchor themselves to surfaces
pili
104
som bacteria possess a ___ for conjunction
sex pilus
105
a few genera are capable of forming thick walled ___ as a means of survival
spores
106
process of spore formation called
sporulation
107
have been shown to survive for many years and are resistant to heat, cold, drying and most chemicals
spores
108
usually ___ is produced in a bacterial cell and generates into one vegetative bacterium
one spore
109
endospores can be visualized using a
spore stain
110
eukaryotic cells are divided into plant and animal types?
yes
111
animal cells do not have a cell wall, plant cells have a simple cell wall?
yes
112
one cell splits in half to become two daughter cells
binary fission
113
before a prokaryotic cell divides in half, the chromosome must be
duplicated
114
time it takes for binary fission to occur is called
generation time
115
generation time varies from one species to another and depends on growth conditions?
yes
116
is the science of classification of living organisms
taxonomy
117
taxonomy consists of
classification, nomenaclature, identification
118
is the arrangement of organisms into taxonomic groups known as taxa
taxonomy
119
taxonomy is the arrangement of organisms into taxonomic groups known as
taxa
120
King David Came Over For Good Spag
KDCOFGS
kingdom, division, class, order, family, genus, species
121
the science of taxonomy was established based on the _____
binomial system of nonmenclature
122
in the binomial system, each organism is given 2 names
genus and the specific epithet
123
Escherichia coli;
which is genus and specific epithet
g- escherichia
se- coli
124
abbreviation sp means
single species
125
abbreviation spp means
more than one species
126
organisms are categorized into larger groups based on their similarities and differences?
yes
127
five kingdom system of classification
bacteria and archaea
algae and protozoa
fungi
plants
animals
128
kingdom prokaryote
bacteria and archaea
129
kingdom protista
algae and protozoa
130
kingdom fungi
fungi
131
kingdom plantae
plants
132
kingdom animalia
animals
133
are viruses included in the five kingdom system of classification?
no, cause they acellular
134
three domain system of classification
archaea
bacteria
eucarya
135
is based on differences in the structure of certain ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules among organisms in the 3 domains
the three domain system
136
most widely used technique for gauging diversity or relatedness of organisms is called
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing
137
are composed of two subunits; a small subunit and a large subunit
ribosomes
138
the small sububit if ribosomes is composed of only
one rRNA molecule
139
the small subunit of ribosome is coded for by a gene called the
16S rRNA gene in prokaryotes
18S rRNA gene in eukaryotes
140
