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Road to Ash > Biology Part 1 > Flashcards

Biology Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

a fundamental concept in biology that describes the properties of cells and their importance in the structure and function of all living organisms.

A

cell theory

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2
Q

All living organisms are composed

A

one or more cells

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3
Q

the basic unit of life.

A

cell

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4
Q

All cells arise from

A

pre-existing cells

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5
Q

basic structural, functional, and biological units of all living organisms

A

cell

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6
Q

Types of Cells

A

Prokaryotic Cells, Eukaryotic Cells

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7
Q

Found in organisms like bacteria and archaea

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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8
Q

Lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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9
Q

DNA is located in a nucleoid region.

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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10
Q

Found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

A

Eukaryotic Cells

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11
Q

Have a true nucleus containing DNA.

A

Eukaryotic Cells

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12
Q

Contain membrane-bound organelles such as the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.

A

Eukaryotic Cells

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13
Q

Components of a Cell

A

Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane), Cytoplasm, Nucleus (in eukaryotes), Organelles (in eukaryotes)

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14
Q

Functions of Cells

A

growth, energy production, response to stimuli, reproduction

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15
Q

Cells grow and divide through processes like

A

mitosis and meiosis.

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16
Q

characterized by their simplicity compared to eukaryotic cells

A

prokaryote

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17
Q

Generally smaller than eukaryotic cells, ranging from 0.1 to 5 micrometers in diameter

A

Prokaryotes

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18
Q

do not have membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, or Golgi apparatus.

A

Prokaryotes

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19
Q

have a rigid cell wall that provides shape and protection.

A

prokaryotes

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20
Q

In bacteria, the cell wall often contains ______, a unique structural molecule.

A

peptidoglycan

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21
Q

Prokaryotes have ________ for protein synthesis, but these are smaller (70S) than those found in eukaryotes (80S).

A

Ribosomes

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22
Q

Prokaryotes reproduce asexually through a process called ________, where the cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

A

binary fission

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23
Q

prokaryotes often have small, circular DNA molecules called _____, which can carry genes for antibiotic resistance and other traits.

A

plasmids

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24
Q

Types of Prokaryotes

A

Bacteria, Archaea

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25
Q

Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell

A

cell membrane, cell wall, capsule, flagella, pili, cytoplasm, ribosomes

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26
Q

Regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell.

A

Cell Membrane

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27
Q

Provides structural support and protection.

A

Cell Wall

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28
Q

(in some): An outer protective layer that helps evade the immune system and adhere to surfaces.

A

Capsule

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29
Q

Used for movement. (cell)

A

flagella

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30
Q

Hair-like structures for attachment and transfer of genetic material during conjugation.

A

pili

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31
Q

Contains enzymes, nutrients, and the nucleoid.

A

cytoplasm

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32
Q

Sites of protein synthesis.

A

ribosomes

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33
Q

more complex organisms with cells that have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

A

eukaryote

34
Q

Houses DNA, enclosed by a nuclear membrane.

A

nucleus

35
Q

controls substance exchange and cell communication

A

cell membrane

36
Q

contains a cmplex system of organelles

A

cytopalsm

37
Q

organelles in eukaryote

A

mitochondria, chloroplasts “(in plants), endoplasmic reticulum (ER), golgi apparatus, lysosomes

38
Q

Photosynthesis.

A

Chloroplasts

39
Q

Protein and lipid synthesis.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

40
Q

Protein modification and transport.

A

Golgi Apparatus

41
Q

Digestion of cellular wast

A

Lysosomes

42
Q

Asexual (mitosis) and sexual (meiosis)

A

eukaryote production

43
Q

examples of eukaryotes

A

humans, plants, fungi, protists

44
Q

membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that serves as the control center for the cell

A

nucleus

45
Q

houses the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and is responsible for regulating cellular activities such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

A

NUCLEUS

46
Q

A double membrane that encloses the nucleus.

A

Nuclear Envelope

47
Q

Contains nuclear pores, which regulate the exchange of materials (e.g., RNA, proteins) between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

A

Nuclear Envelope

48
Q

A gel-like substance inside the nucleus that contains chromatin and the nucleolus.

A

Nucleoplasm (Nuclear Sap)

49
Q

Provides a medium for the diffusion of ions and molecules.

A

Nucleoplasm (Nuclear Sap)

50
Q

Made of DNA and proteins (mainly histones).

A

Chromatin

51
Q

two forms of chromatin

A

euchromatin, heterochromatin

52
Q

Less condensed, transcriptionally active (chromatin)

A

euchromatin

53
Q

highly condensed, transriptionally inactive (chromatin)

A

heterochromatin

54
Q

A dense, spherical structure within the nucleus.

A

Nucleolus

55
Q

Responsible for ribosome synthesis and assembly.

A

Nucleolus

56
Q

Openings in the nuclear envelope that allow selective exchange of molecules like RNA and signaling molecules.

A

Nuclear Pores

57
Q

Functions of the Nucleus

A

Genetic Material Storage, regulation of gene expression, ribosome production, cell division, communication

58
Q

Protects DNA, which carries the instructions for all cellular processes.

A

Genetic Material Storage

59
Q

Controls which genes are turned on or off, thereby regulating the cell’s activities.

A

Regulation of Gene Expression (nucelus)

60
Q

The nucleolus synthesizes ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assembles ribosomal subunits.

A

Ribosome Production

61
Q

Plays a crucial role in mitosis and meiosis by ensuring accurate DNA replication and distribution.

A

Cell Division (nucleus)

62
Q

Receives and processes signals from the cytoplasm, which can influence gene expression.

A

Communication of nucleus

63
Q

membrane-bound organelles found in most eukaryotic cells, often referred to as the “powerhouses of the cell” because they produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

A

mitochondria

64
Q

Structure of Mitochondria

A

outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space, matrix

65
Q

A smooth membrane that surrounds the mitochondrion.

A

outer membrane

66
Q

Contains porins, which allow the passage of ions and molecules.

A

outer membrane

67
Q

Folded into structures called cristae, increasing the surface area for energy production.

A

Inner Membrane:

68
Q

Houses the electron transport chain and ATP synthase, essential for ATP production.

A

Inner Membrane

69
Q

The space between the outer and inner membranes.

A

Intermembrane Space:

70
Q

Plays a role in oxidative phosphorylation.

A

Intermembrane Space:

71
Q

The innermost compartment of the mitochondrion.

A

Matrix:

72
Q

Contains enzymes for the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes

A

Matrix:

73
Q

Functions of Mitochondria

A

ATP production, regulation of metabolism, calcium storage, apoptosis, heat production, synthesis of biomolecules

74
Q

in ATP production, energy is generated through ___

A

cellular respiration

75
Q

in ATP production through cellular respiration it is primarily via

A

glycolysis, krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

76
Q
A
77
Q
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78
Q
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79
Q
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80
Q
A

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