cell structure

Question 1

structures in nucleus

Answer 1

nuclear envelope, nuclear pores,nuclear plasm,nucleoulus,chromosomes

Question 2

nuclear envelope (nucleus)

Answer 2

surrounds the nucleus and acts as a double membrane

Question 3

nuclear pores (nucleus)

Answer 3

pores in the nuclear envelope which allow things to leave or enter the nucleus (mrna)

Question 4

nuclear plasm (nucleus)

Answer 4

gel like / granular substance that fills up the nucleus

Question 5

nucleoulus (nucleus)

Answer 5

small sphere inside where RNA and ribosomes is made

Question 6

chromosomes (nucleus)

Answer 6

protein bound to nucleus and is linear dna

Question 7

functions of the nucleus

Answer 7

site of dna replication and transcription, contains the genetic code for each cell, site of ribosome synthesis

Question 8

flagella structure and function

Answer 8

whip like structure and its function is mobility, to move.

Question 9

cilia structure and function

Answer 9

small hair structures on surface membranes of animal cells, contains microtubules. the microtubules allow the cillia to move which is used to move substances

Question 10

centrioles structure and function

Answer 10

small hollow cylinders of microtubules arranged at right angles. involved in production of spindle fibres and seperation of chromosomes during cell divisiom

Question 11

cytoskeleton structure and function

Answer 11

network of protein structures within cytoplasm consisting of microfilaments, microtubules and immediate fibres.

function: provides mechanical strenght to the cell to maintain shape and stability, microfilaments are responsible for cell movement, microtubules are responsible for creating a scaffold like structure, immediate fibres provide mechanical strength, transport material

Question 12

golgi apparatus structure and function

Answer 12

a series of fluid filled, flattened and curved sacs with vesicles surrounding the edges

function: produces lysomes, processes and packages proteins and lipids,
secretes carbs

Question 13

lysome structure and function

Answer 13

small vesicles/bags around golgi apparatus, contains digestive enzymes

function: hydrolyse phagocytic cells, engulfs cells old organelles/excexx/worn out parts, break down dead cells, keep powerful hrydrolytic enzymes seperate from rest of the cell.

Question 14

mitochondria structure and function

Answer 14

oval shaped, double membrane inner one folds to form projections called cristae, the inside contains the mitochondrial matrix where all the enzymes for respiration are stored.(its a fluid in the centre)

function: site of aerobic respiration, site where ATP (adenosine triphosphate) energy is produced

Question 15

ribosomes structure and function

Answer 15

structure : small spherical organelles, made from rNA and proteins, some remain free in cytoplasm while some are attached to ER/ endoplasmic reticulum.

function: site of protein synthesis

Question 16

chloroplast structure and function

Answer 16

structure: surrounded by double membrane or envelope, contains sacs of fluid filled membrane sacs called thylakoid, each stack/pile of thylakoid is called granum, inside the thylakoid theres chlorophyll, contains fluid filled stroma (liquid material which provides structure) which contains enzymes for photosynthesis

function: site of photosynthesis

Question 17

cell wall structure and function

Answer 17

structure : plants- made of microfibres of the cellulose polymer ‘ fungi - made of chitin, a nitrogen compound made of polysaccharides

function: structural strenght and protection

Question 18

plasma membrane structure and function

Answer 18

structure: found in all cells,forms cell surface membrane, made of phospholipid bilyaer which contains molecules embedded within and attached on th eoutside (protein,carbs,cholesterol)

function: controls moleculesentering and exiting the cell , has receptors whihc allows it to respond to chemical hormones

Question 19

rough ER structure and function

Answer 19

structure : contains system of membrane bound sacs containing fluid filled cavities ( called cistirnae) , coated with ribosomes

function: fold and processes protein made of amino acids, folds and proccesses protein made at ribosomes

Question 20

smooth ER structure and function

Answer 20

structure : containst system bound membrane sacs containng fluid filled cavities (cirstirnae) that are continouos with the nuclear membrane, contains no ribosomes

function : produces+ processes lipids

Question 21

vesicles structure and function

Answer 21

structure : a small fluid filled sac in the cytoplasm surrounded by the membrane

function : transport substances in and out of the cell

Question 22

what are prokaryotes

Answer 22

unicellular organisms which have relatively small structure, dna isnt contained within nucleus, few organelles which arent membrane bound

Question 23

similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 23

both have plasma membrane, cytoplasm, dna+rna, ribosomes

Question 24

only prokaryotes have

Answer 24

much smaller,no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, cell made from peptidoglycin not cellulose, smaller ribosomes (70S instead of 80S), less developed cytoskeleton with no centrioles, have naked dna which isnt membrane bound and floats around in the cytoplasm as a loop (not linear)

Question 25

some prokaryotes have

Answer 25

capsule- protective waxy/slimy layer to retain cell moistue
plasmid- small loops of dna aswell as the main loop
flagella- long whip like structure enabling them to move, the structure of these differ from eukaryotic ones
pili- small like hair projection which allows is to attach to other cells and allows passage of plasmid dna from one cell to another.