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Biology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Cell Fractionation?

A

the process where
- cells are broken up
- different organelles they contain are separated out based on size/mass using gravity

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2
Q

The 3 Steps of Cell Fractionation.

A

1) homogenisation
2) filtration
3) ultracentrifugation

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3
Q

Define what is meant by magnification.

A

Magnification - how many times bigger the image is compared to the actual size of a speciman

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4
Q

Define what is meant by resolution.

A

Resolution - how clearly you are able to distinguish between two points close together on an object

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5
Q

What is homogenisation?

A

When cells are broken up by homogeniser (blender), releasing organelles from the cell.
- makes a homogenate.

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6
Q

What is filtration?

A

When the homogenate is filtered to get rid of any large pieces of debris.

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7
Q

What is ultracentrifugation?

A

The process where fragments in filtered homogenate are separated in a centrifuge - which spins the tube at very high speeds.
- the heaviest organelles are forced to the bottom, forming pellets.
- leaving supernatant (fluid) at the top

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8
Q

What type of microscope produces a 3D image?

A

SEM - scanning electron microscope

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9
Q

List key features of TEM

A
  • shoots beams of electrons at a thin sample and detects electrons that make it through to the other side
  • very high resolution, so good for learning structure of inner components of a cell
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10
Q

List key features of SEM

A
  • uses focused beams of high-energy electrons which reflect off the surfaces of structures
  • produces a 3D image
  • samples do not have to be as thin
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11
Q

Describe the key features of a cell surface membrane

A

1) it is a partially permeable membrane
- controls the exchange of materials between the internal and external cell environment
2) formed from a phospholipid bilayer

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12
Q

Describe the key features of the cell wall

A

1) offer structural support - provided by cellulose
2) freely permeable

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13
Q

Describe the key functions of chloroplasts

A
  • surrounded by double membrane
  • thylakoids - membrane bound flattened discs
  • grana joined by flattened membranes - lamellae
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14
Q

Explain the consequence of water loss from vacuoles

A

1) water moves out of the vacuole and cytoplasm
2) the vacuole shrinks
3) the cell wall is unsupported
4) the plant wilts

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15
Q

What is the main component of fungal cell walls?

A
  • Chitin
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16
Q

List the structures in the nucleus

A

1) nuclear envelope
2) nuclear pores
3) nucleoplasm
4) chromosomes
5) nucleolus

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17
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A
  • double membrane surrounding the nucleus
18
Q

What is the nucleoplasm?

A
  • granular, jelly-like material in the nucleus
19
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A
  • small sphere inside the nucleus
  • the site of rRNA production and makes ribosomes
20
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A
  • site of DNA replication and transcription (making mRNA)
  • contains genetic code for each cell
21
Q

What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A
  • they have folded membranes called cisternae
22
Q

What is the difference between RER and SER?

A

RER - has ribosomes on the cisternae
SER - no ribosomes

23
Q

What is the function of RER?

A
  • protein synthesis
24
Q

What is the function of SER?

A
  • synthesises and stores lipids and carbohydrates
25
Q

List the structures in mitochondria

A

1) double membrane
2) inner membrane -cristae-
3) mitochondrial matrix
4) loop of mitochondria DNA

26
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A
  • site of aerobic respiration
  • ATP production
  • DNA to code for enzymes needed in respiration
27
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes?

A
  • 80s ribosomes
  • 70s ribosomes
28
Q

What are 80s ribosomes?

A
  • large ribosomes
  • found in eukaryotic cells
29
Q

What are 70s ribosomes?

A
  • smaller ribosomes
  • found in mitochondria, chloroplasts and prokaryotic cells
30
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A
  • site of protein synthesis
31
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A
  • protein
  • mRNA
32
Q

State the structure of a vacuole

A
  • fluid filled sac
  • surrounded by a single membrane called a tonoplast
33
Q

What is the function of a vacuole?

A
  • temporary store of sugars and amino acids
  • provide support, make cells turgid
34
Q

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

A
  • surrounded by double membrane
  • contains thylakoids
  • has fluid filled stroma containing enzymes for photosynthesis
35
Q

Which cells have cell walls?

A

1) plant cells
2) fungi cells

36
Q

Structure of cell wall in plants

A
  • made of microfibrils of cellulose
37
Q

Structure of cell wall in fungi

A
  • made of chitin
38
Q

Function of the cell wall

A
  • provide structural strength to the cell
39
Q

Function of the plasma membrane

A
  • controls what molecules enter and exit the cell
40
Q

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
    molecules embedded within and attached on the outside
  • proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol
41
Q

Features of a eukaryotic cell

A
  • DNA is contained in a membrane bound nucleus
  • DNA is coiled into linear chromosomes
42
Q
A

Biology (3 decks)

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