Cell Structure Flashcards
What is the structure and function of the nucleus?
Structure: nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromosomes, nucleoplasm, nuclear pores
Function: site of DNA replication + transcription, contains genetic code
What is the nucleolus?
A smaller sphere inside the nucleus, site of RNA production, makes ribosomes
one has ribosomes!
What is the structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Structure: rough + smooth both have folded membranes (cisternae), rough has ribosomes on the cisternae
Function: RER: protein synthesis, SER: synthesis and store of lipids and carbohydrates
What is the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus?
Structure: a group of fluid-filled membrane-bound flattened sacs
Function: Processes and packages new lipids and proteins, makes lysosomes
What is the structure and function of the lysosomes?
Structure: bags of digestive enzymes
Function: Hydrolyse phagocytic cells, break down dead cells, exocytosis, digest worn-out organelles to reuse materials.
What is exocytosis?
The release of enzymes to the outside of the cell to destroy material.
What is the structure and function of mitochondria?
Structure: double membrane, inner membrane (cristae), loop of mitochondria DNA
Function: site of aerobic respiration and ATP production, DNA to code for enzymes needed in respiration
big and small!
What is the structure and function of ribosomes?
Structure: small, made up of rRNA + proteins, 80s - large and found in eukaryotic cells, 70s - small and found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria + chloroplasts
Function: protein synthesis
What is the structure and function of the vacuole?
Structure: filled with fluid, surrounded by single membrane (chloroplast)
Function: turgidity and support, store of sugars + amino acids, pigments colour petals to attract polinators
What is the structure and function of the cell wall?
Structure: plant: microfibrils of cellulose, fungi: chitin
Function: provide structural support
What is the structure and function of the plasma membrane?
Structure: phospholipid bilayer
Function: controls entrance/ exit of cell
What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells are/have:
- much smaller
- no membrane-bound organelles
- smaller ribosomes
- no nucleus
- murein cell wall
occasionally:
- plasmids
-capsule
-flagella
Describe viruses
- acellular
- non-living
- DNA or RNA in capsid
- attachment proteins to attach to host cells
- viruses replicate inside cells; difficult to destroy without harming host cells
