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Bio 12 (1st half) > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define the Cell

A

the simplest unit of life, found in all living things

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2
Q

what do living things have to be able to do?

A

grow,
obtain nutrients and excrete waste, reproduce
be responsive to their environment

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3
Q

Define Unicellular

A

contains only one cell

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4
Q

Define Multicellular

A

contains multiple, genetically identical cells

(genetically identical cells contain the same DNA but can differ in shape, size and function)

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5
Q

Describe cellular organization

A

cells —> tissues —> organs —> organ systems

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6
Q

Define Tissues

A

groups of cells similar in shape, size and function

capable of recognizing each other and sticking to each other

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7
Q

Define Organs

A

groups of different tissues working together to perform a specialized function

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8
Q

Define organ systems

A

groups of organs that have related (not identical) functions

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9
Q

Define organelles

A

structures inside a cell which perform the functions necessary for cellular survival

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10
Q

Define Prokaryotic cells

A

simplest cells, lacking membrane bound organelles

smaller and simpler than eukaryotic

only found in bacteria and archaea

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11
Q

What are mitochondria responsible for and where are they found?

A

responsible for providing the cell with energy

suspended in the cytoplasm

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12
Q

What do mitochondria look like

A

ovals with finger like projections towards the center

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13
Q

Define Cristae

A

Finger like projections cause by the folding of the mitochondria’s inner membrane

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14
Q

Define cellular respiration

A

the process of deriving energy from broken down nutrients

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15
Q

How does cellular respiration work

A

food particles (glucose) are reacted with oxygen molecules at the cristae, producing water, carbon monoxide and oxygen

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16
Q

What Formula is this :

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY

A

Cellular Respiration

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17
Q

Where does the energy produced through cellular respiration go?

A

The energy gets trapped in Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP molecules)

  • ATP is the basic unit of energy in all living things
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18
Q

Describe the process of Cellular Respiration (atp)

A

when a chemical reaction requires energy to occur,

a molecule of ATP breaks one of its phosphate bonds

and uses the energy from that broken bond for the chemical reaction

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19
Q

After ATP is used to provide energy to a chemical reaction, what does the ATP turn into?

A

After using a phosphate, ATP becomes Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

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20
Q

Where does the ADP go to get its phosphate bond replenished?

A

The Cristae

21
Q

Describe what happens to the energy of cellular respiration.

(where does the energy get used)

A

1/3 gets converted into ATP

2/3 is lost to thermal energy (heat)

22
Q

Define Endosymbiosis and an example it was used

A

one organism living within another organism

example: mitochondria

23
Q

What is so special about the mitochondria?

A

They are the only organelle with their own DNA, besides the nucleus

They also reproduce separately from the rest of the cell and are inherited through the mothers egg

24
Q

Define Cytoplasm

A

fluid in the cell OUTSIDE the nucleus

25
Q

Define Nucleoplasm

A

fluid INSIDE the nucleus

26
Q

Define Nucleus

A

organelle responsible for storing
and protecting the cell genetics info (DNA) and directing protein synthesis

27
Q

Define Chromosomes

A

the cells DNA, stored in coiled, thread like structures

28
Q

Define Nuclear Membrane

A

double layered outer membrane of the nucleus

responsible for forming a barrier between DNA and the Cytoplasm

  • is semi-permeable
29
Q

Define Semi- Permeable

A

selects which materials may enter or exit

30
Q

Define Nuclear Pores

A

allows material to be transported in and out of the nucleus

  • the nuclear membrane contains nuclear pores
31
Q

Define Nucleolus

A

the structure responsible for building ribosomes

  • stored in the nucleus, as well as the chromosomes

*nucleus is like city hall

32
Q

Define the Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

a series of membranous canals coming from the nucleus that extend through the cytoplasm

allows for rapid transportation of materials throughout the cell

  • think of ER as the highway system

the space between the two layers of nuclear membrane becomes the ER

33
Q

Define Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

regular ER covered in ribosomes

appears bumpy

attached ribosomes allow for rapid production and secretion of proteins

*make proteins for outside of the cell

34
Q

Define Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

regular ER that lacks attached ribosomes

appears smooth

responsible for producing lipids

*cells that secrete lots of lipids require lots of SER

  • make proteins for inside of the cell
35
Q

Define Ribosomes

A

responsible for producing proteins

found attached to the ER or suspended in the cytoplasm

smallest organelle

found in both types of cells

  • think of ribosomes as the factories of the cell
36
Q

Define Golgi Bodies

A

responsible for packing proteins and lipids to be secreted from the cell

looks like a stack of pancakes

  • post office of the cell
37
Q

Describe the transportation of lipids and proteins to exit the cell

A

lipids and proteins destined to exit the cell go from the ER to the golgi bodies

golgi bodies wrap them up in a membrane and attaches them to Glycoproteins

Glycoproteins allow them to pass through the cell membrane

38
Q

Describe Lysosomes

A

responsible for recycling old cell parts, breaking down food particles and destroying pathogens

uses a combo of enzymes and free radicals

  • think of them as police and garbage collectors
39
Q

What are free radicals

A

charged oxygen ions designed to rip apart unwanted proteins

40
Q

When does Pus appear

A

when cells are dying faster than the body’s lysosomes can recycle clean cell parts

Pus- build up of cellular debris

41
Q

Cells contain lysosomes when:

think police

A

they need to break down dangerous chemicals or pathogens

42
Q

Describe the cell membrane

A

envelope that surround the cytoplasm

function :
to hold the contents of the cytoplasm

regulate the transport in and out of the cell

imports nutrients and excrete waste

consists of a phospholipid bilayer that’s semi-permeable

  • think border guard
43
Q

Describe the Cell Wall

A

only in plant cells,

surrounds cell membrane

provides shape and rigidity

made of cellulose (carbs)

44
Q

Describe Vacuoles

A

only in plant cells

large, fluid filled sac —> looks like a large bubble

stores nutrients and water

45
Q

Describe Plastids

A

only in plant cell

produce + store sugar molecules

contains pigments

46
Q

Describe pigments

(specifically chlorophyll)

A

chemicals responsible for performing photosynthesis

use visible light energy to react carbon dioxide with water forming sugar and oxygen

47
Q

What formula is this?

Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

A

Photosynthesis formula

48
Q

Describe Chloroplasts

A

most common plastid

contains chlorophyll (green pigment)

49
Q

Describe Chromoplasts

A

plastids containing orange + yellow pigments, which give some flowers their color

Bio 12 (1st half) (5 decks)

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