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Bio 12 (1st half) > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are Macromolecules?

A

very large chemicals made of repeating subunits

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2
Q

What are the 4 main classes of macromolecules that make up living things?

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic Acids

*they are all polymers

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3
Q

What are two characteristics that each of the macromolecules have?

A

distinct structure

distinct functions in the body

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4
Q

What are Polymers made of?

A

they are made up of similar, repeating subunits

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5
Q

What is a Monomer?

A

The simplest unit that makes up a polymer

*think 1 block is a monomer but several blocks can form any structure

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6
Q

What are Carbohydrates?

A

macromolecules used as the body’s primary source of energy

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7
Q

What do you call the monomers of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

means “single sugar”

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8
Q

What are the three monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, Fructose and Galactose

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9
Q

When theses monomers combine, they make…

A

Disaccharides

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10
Q

Name the 3 Disaccharides we talked about

A

Maltose (glucose-glucose)

Sucrose (glucose-fructose)

Lactose (glucose-galactose)

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11
Q

What are Polysaccharides?

A

Carbohydrates containing more than two sugars

also known as Complex Carbohydrates

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12
Q

What are examples of Polysaccharides / Complex Carbs

A

Starch, Cellulose and Glycogen

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13
Q

What are the three ways carbohydrates can be recognized?

A
  1. Carbon-Carbon Backbone
  2. Repeating Ring Structure
  3. End in the suffix “ose”
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14
Q

How do animal cells obtain carbohydrates?

A

They can’t produce them on their own so they must consume them from other living things

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15
Q

Describe Glucose

*where it can be used

A

the only molecule that can be used by the cristae of the mitochondria

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16
Q

Describe the conversion of food particles

A

All food particles must eventually be converted into a single monomer

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17
Q

Describe Glycogen

A

a polysaccharide containing repeating glucose subunits

excess blood glucose is stored as glycogen

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18
Q

How is Glycogen Formed?

A

By fusing two Hydroxyl (OH) groups from neighboring glucose molecules, releasing water as a byproduct

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19
Q

Define Dehydration Synthesis

A

The process of creating a polymer by losing water

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20
Q

What is Hydrolysis?

A

A process where a molecule is broken apart by reacting with water

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21
Q

Explain when Glycogen undergoes Hydrolysis

A

Glycogen is broken up into single glucose molecules when the blood is low on glucose

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22
Q

Describe molecules that have the prefix “Glyco”

A

They are molecules that contain a mixture of carbohydrates and some other macromolecule.

ex
Glycoprotein (carb + protein)
Glycolipid (carb + lipid/fat)

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23
Q

Describe Proteins

A

macromolecules used to provide structure (structural proteins)

and speed up reactions in the body (enzymes)

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24
Q

What are the Monomers of Proteins?

A

Amino Acids

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25
Q

How do Amino Acids bond together?

A

through Peptide Bonds

Peptide bonds are formed through Dehydration Synthesis

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26
Q

What is a Polypeptide?

A

a group of connected Amino Acids

Peptide bonds join the Amino group of one amino acid to the Acid group of another Amino Acid

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27
Q

What do each Amino Acid differ in?

A

It’s Side Chain (R-group)

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28
Q

How can proteins be recognized?

A

by their C-N-N backbone

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29
Q

What does a proteins function depend on?

A

A proteins function is dependent on its shape

Every protein has an ideal shape that allows it to function optimally

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30
Q

Define Denatured

A

when a protein shape is changed in a way that reduces its functionality

not all changes are denaturation!

Pepsin is made in its denatured form then made active in the stomach

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31
Q

Describe Coagulation

A

the process of irreversibly denaturing a protein —> example cooking

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32
Q

Proteins can be denatures in several ways, particularly through…

A

changes in pH or Temperature

33
Q

Describe Enzymes

A

proteins responsible for performing chemical reactions in the body

your body needs to perform more than 200,000 different chemical reactions to survive, enzymes make that possible

34
Q

Define Homeostasis and give examples

A

the “normal” state for the body

ex.
normal blood pH is 7.38
normal body temp is 36.7°C

35
Q

When do our body’s enzymes function optimally?

A

at homeostasis

36
Q

What happens when our body temperatures or pH move away from homeostasis?

A

our proteins become denatured and experienced reduces function

37
Q

Describe the Active Site

A

the location on the enzyme where a chemical reaction occurs

38
Q

Describe Substrate

A

the reactants of an enzymatic reaction

(products are still called products)

39
Q

Name the two “helper molecules” some enzymes need for reactions

A

Cofactors - inorganic helper molecules
ex. iron or zinc
(no carbon)

Coenzymes - organic helper molecules
ex. vitamins
(carbon based)

40
Q

When does enzymatic activity increase?

A

With substrate concentration

(more substrate = more product)

41
Q

When does enzymatic activity decrease?

A

Through Feedback Inhibition

42
Q

What is Feedback Inhibition?

A

when too much product blocks substrate from attaching to the active site

43
Q

What is Competitive Inhibition?

A

a decrease in enzymatic activity by filling the active sight with molecules called inhibitors

*often used in pharmaceuticals

44
Q

What are inhibitors?

A

molecules that mimic the shape of a substrate

45
Q

What are buffers?

A

chemical pairs that prevent large changes in pH

one chemical in the buffer pair neutralizes acids while the other neutralizes bases

*your body needs to keep a constant pH

46
Q

Describe Lipids

A

macromolecules used for energy storage, insulation and hormone synthesis

47
Q

What are the two defining characteristics of lipids

A

they are insoluble
(don’t dissolve in water)

they are immiscible
(don’t mix in water)

48
Q

Define Polar molecules

A

Polar molecules contain a partially positive end and a partially negative end due to the unequal sharing of electrons

most chemicals in the body, especially water, are polar

49
Q

Are lipids Polar or Non-Polar

A

Non-Polar, meaning they do not contain any unequal charges

50
Q

What happens when polar molecules interact with water? (ex. protein)

A

the partial negatives of the protein bind to the partial positives of the water (and vice versa)

51
Q

Do non-polar molecules react the same way as proteins?

A

No. no mixing or dissolving occurs.

ex.
fats and oils when cooking always form a distinct layer

they never mix with water

52
Q

Describe Fats

A

Lipids that are solid at room temperature

53
Q

Describe Oils

A

Lipids that are liquid at room temperature

54
Q

What other two monomers are lipids composed of?

A

Glycerol and Fatty Acids

55
Q

Describe Triglycerides

A

the simplest lipid

contains one glycerol and three fatty acids joined through dehydration synthesis

1glycerol 3 fatty acids

56
Q

Describe Phospholipids

A

a special type of lipid where one of the fatty acids have been replaced by a phosphate group

1 glycerol 2 fatty acids 1 phosphate group

57
Q

Describe Phosphates and Lipids

A

phosphate is very negative, allowing for one end of the lipid to be Polar
(soluble in water)

58
Q

What are a primary component of the Cell Membrane?

A

Phospholipids

they are ideal for controlling the transportation of molecules in and out of the cell

59
Q

Describe the Phospholipid Bilayer

A

two sheets of Phospholipid coming together

  • in cell and nuclear membranes
60
Q

Describe Phosphate heads/groups

A

they are Hydrophilic (water loving) since they are polar and interact with water molecules

61
Q

Describe the Fatty Acid Tails

A

They are Hydrophobic (water fearing) since they are non-polar and don’t interact with water

62
Q

Describe Passive Transport

A

movement across the membrane without the use of energy

63
Q

What are the two forms of Passive Transport?

A

Diffusion and Osmosis

64
Q

Describe Diffusion

A

the movement of a substance from high to low concentration

ex food dye in water

65
Q

List some examples of molecules that use diffusion to cross the cell membrane

A

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Urea

molecules that are transported across the membrane through diffusion are not affected by the cell membrane (“open border”)

66
Q

Describe Osmosis

A

the diffusion of water

67
Q

Describe Tonicity

A

the concentration of dissolved molecules in water

the inside of the cell is usually full of solute, meaning that the tonicity is higher inside the cell than outside

68
Q

Describe Solute

A

Dissolved ions and macromolecules

69
Q

What are Isotonic solutions?

A

they have the same solute concentration as inside the cell

70
Q

Describe Hypotonic Solutions

A

they have a lower solute concentration than inside the cell

(they have a higher water concentration)

water molecules will move from the hypotonic solution into the cell, causing it to expand and/or burst

71
Q

Describe Hypertonic Solutions

A

they have a higher solute concentration than inside the cell

(lower water concentration)

water molecules move from the cell to the hypertonic solution, making the cell shrink and shrivel

72
Q

Describe Active Transport

A

the movement of particles across a membrane with the use of energy (ATP)

required if molecules are being transported against the concentration gradient of if a molecule is too large to move by itself

73
Q

Active Transport often requires:

A

Carrier proteins which are proteins inside the cell membrane that transport molecules across when activated

74
Q

Why does the cell membrane have to form for very large molecules?

A

the cell membrane must for vacuoles for large molecules for transport

75
Q

How are vacuoles formed?

A

by folding the cell membrane around the target molecules then detaching the newly formed pocket

76
Q

Describe Exocytosis

A

the release of cellular materials from the cell by forming an external vacuole

77
Q

Describe Endocytosis

A

the intake of large particle by forming a vacuole along the cell membrane

78
Q

What is Pinocytosis?

A

the endocytosis of liquid particles (often lipids)

endocytosis - intake of large particle by forming a vacuole along the cell membrane

79
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

the endocytosis of solid particles

endocytosis - intake of large particle by forming a vacuole along the cell membrane

Bio 12 (1st half) (5 decks)

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