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Biology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Where do proteins go after being made?

A

Through Golgi apparatus
along micro tubes
Through secretory vesicle
➡Exocytosis

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1
Q

P+A

What five things make up the nucleus?

A 
Nuclear envelope ✉
Nuclear pore
Nucleolus
Nucleoplasm 
Chromatin
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2
Q

What contains the large vacuole?

A

Tonoplast

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3
Q

What holds cells together?

A

Middle lamella

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4
Q

Purpose of nucleus

A

Contains DNA - controls protein synthesis

Controls cell activity

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5
Q

Nucleolus purpose

A

Produces ribosomes

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6
Q

Nuclear envelope purpose

A

Bilayer that surrounds nucleus with pores for transport in/out

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7
Q

Difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic recticulum

A

Rough: embedded ribosomes
Smooth: none

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8
Q

Purpose of endoplasmic reticulum

A

Tubular network: nuclear envelope➡cytoplasm➡plasma membrane for exocytosis
Transports

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9
Q

Golgi apparatus purpose

A

Produces glycoproteins

Packages proteins for transport

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10
Q

Define eukaryotic

A

Have a TRUE NUCLEUS

Have MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES- allows for compartmentalisation

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11
Q

Define resolution

A

Ability of microscope to distinguish between two points. Without high resolution, increased magnification is redundant

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12
Q

What are cell walls made up of?

A

Cellulose fibres and polysaccharides held together with transpeptinase

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13
Q

Why might chloroplasts move about under the microscope?

A

Cytoplasmic streaming

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14
Q

If you remove organelles from the cytoplasm, what do you have?

A

Soluble ctyosol

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15
Q

What does the cytosol consist of?

A

Mainly water with dissolved substances like amino acids, and other substances like proteins and enzymes

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16
Q

Purpose of SER

A

Production of lipids and steroids

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17
Q

Where would you expect to see a lot of SER in a cell? Why?

A

Liver, lipids are metabolised here

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18
Q

Vesicle containing digestive enzymes is called a…?

A

Lysosome

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19
Q

Define lysosome

A

Vesicle containing digestive enzymes

20
Q

What are lysosomes used for?

A

Endocytosis

To break down redundant organelles

21
Q

Defining feature of mitochondria

A

Two membranes

22
Q

Name the projective membrane folds in the mitochondria

A

Cristae

23
Q

Name the space inside the mitochondria

A

The matrix

24
Q

Purpose of mitochondria

A

Production of ATP from aerobic respiration

25
Q

Where is most ATP produced in an organelle?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

26
Q

Why does the matrix of a mitochondrion have lots of cristae?

A

Max. surface area

27
Q

Similarity between mitochondria and chloroplasts ?

A

Both have envelope of two membranes

28
Q

Inner structure of chloroplasts?

A

Thylakoids in grana (granum singular)

All surrounded by the stroma

29
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

Inner membranes and stroma of chloroplasts

30
Q

What stops the cell wall being fully permeable?

A

If lignin is present in the cellulose layers

31
Q

What does lignin do?

A

Makes cell wall rigid and impermeable. If totally impermeable, cell dies.

32
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

Double membrane surrounding nucleus

33
Q

What is joined to the nuclear pore?

A

The ER

34
Q

What is suspended in the nucleoplasm?

A

Thread-like chromosomes

35
Q

What is contained in the vacuole?

A

Solution of sugars and salts

CELL SAP

36
Q

Structure of microtubules

A

Hollow tubes of tubulin protein

37
Q

What are microfilaments made of?

A

Contractile protein

38
Q

Purpose of microtubules and microfilaments

A

Structural support and aid transport through cell

39
Q

Purpose of centrioles

A

Production of spindle fibres

40
Q

Which are longer- flagella or cilia?

A

Flagella

41
Q

How do cilia move?

A

Dyein arms, fuelled by ATP, push microtubules, which slide against each other, causing the cilia to bend and straighten.

42
Q

Two functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

Structural support

Aids movement of organelles

43
Q

Max magnification of scanning electron microscope

A

500,000x

44
Q

Max magnification of transmission ELECTRON microscope

A

1,500x

45
Q

Resolution of light microscope

A

200nm

46
Q

Resolution of transmission ELECTRON microscope

A

0.2 nm

47
Q

Difference between vacuole and vesicle?

A

Vacuole is for storage
Vesicle is for storage AND transport
Vesicle is little

Biology (14 decks)

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