cell signalling pathways Flashcards
what are 2 types of cell signalling pathways?
electrical
chemical
what carries signals to and from distinations?
proteins
what are types of activators of cellular responses?
- GF: EGF, TGFa, TGFb, FGF
- Hormones: insulin, cortisol
- ECM molecules: fibronectin, laminin.
- Drugs
- Chemicals
what are the 4 transmembrane receptors?
a. Ligand-gated ion channels
b. G protein-coupled receptors
c. Enzyme-linked receptors
d. Intracellular receptors
what receives primary messengers?
transmembrane receptors
what do most receptors relay information through?
phosphorylation
what is phosphorylation?
addition of a phosphate
what does phosphorylation occur in?
serine
threonine
tyrosine
what are kinases responsible for?
activate proteins for cellular response
what happens when cells lose communication signal?
type I diabetes
what happens when signal doesnt reach target?
multiple sclerosis
what happens when target ignores signal?
type II diabetes
what happens with too much signal?
brain damage by exitotoxicity
what happens when multiple cell communications break down?
cancer
what are the hallmarks of cancer?
sustaining proliferative signalling
evading growth suppressors
activating invasion and metastasis
enabling replicative immortality
inducing angiogenesis
resisting cell death
