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Genetics > Cell Signalling > Flashcards

Cell Signalling Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 types of signals?

+ what they consist of (6)

A
  • chemical → hormones, metabolites, gases, PAMPs
  • physical → light, pressure/touch

PAMPs → pathogen-associated molecular patterns

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2
Q

the pathway of signalling

A

signals are perceived by receptor trigerring an intracellular signaling cascade which leads to a response

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3
Q

3 types of hormones

A
  • steroid hormones
  • amino acid derivatives
  • peptide hormones

hormones bind w high affinity to receptors

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4
Q

steroid hormones (5)

A
  • derived from cholesterol,
  • regulate metabolism,
  • salt & water balance,
  • inflammatory responses,
  • sexual function
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5
Q

amino acids derivatives (4)

A
  • regulates smooth muscle function
  • blood pressure,
  • cardiac rate
  • thyroid hormones → stimulate metabolism

e.g. epinephrine

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6
Q

peptide hormones (2)

A
  • regulate processes in all tissues
  • incl relase of yet other hormones
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7
Q

endocrine signalling (3)

A
  • TSH produced in pituitary gland
  • moves through blood to thyroid gland (release thyroxine in response)
  • acts over large distance

TSH → thyroid stimulating hormone

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8
Q

GR

A

glucocorticoid receptor

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9
Q

response elements (cis-elements)

A

palindromic DNA sites that bind several major nuclear receptors as dimers

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10
Q

reporter assays to investigate transcriptional regulation by steroid receptors in vitro

steps (6)

A
  1. prepare reporter gene plasmid/construct containing steroid response element linked upstream of a reporter gene
  2. obtain expression vector/plasmid for steroid receptor
  3. transfect both plasmids into mammal cell line cultured w mutli-well plates in an incubator in the lab, that doesn’t express that receptor
  4. have controls (some incubations = leave out reporter gene construct & others = leave out receptor expression vector
  5. incubate these cells with & without (another control) steroid ligand for that receptor
  6. lyze cells → add luciferase substrate & measure relative light units in lyzates
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11
Q

3 types of cell surface receptor superfamilies

A
  • GPCRs
  • tyrosine kinase (guanylyl cyclase activity)
  • oligomeric ion channels
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12
Q

GPCRs

g protein coupled receptors

A
  • integral membrane proteins
  • intracellular site for a GTP binding protein
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13
Q

tyrosine kinase or guanylyl cyclase

A

single-transmembrane-segment catalytic receptors-intracellular domain

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14
Q

oligomeric ion channels

A
  • multisubunit structures
  • function as ligand-gated ion channels
  • ligands - NTs
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15
Q

GPCRs effectors

2

A
  • adenylyl cyclase
  • phospholipase C
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16
Q

GPCRs second messengers (4)

A
  • cAMP
  • IP3
  • DAG
  • calcium
17
Q

GPCRs are…

A

7-transmembrane segement (TMS) integral membrane proteins

18
Q

how do GPCRs work (6)

+ cellular effects

A

hormone binds GPCR → conformation change → activates G protein (trimeric GTP-binding protein) → triggers cellular effects → activating kinases → activate TFs

cellular effects triggered incl: activ of adenylyl and guanlyl cyclases, activ of phospholipases, activ of ion channels

19
Q

how do GPCRs lead to changes in cAMP & kinase activation (7)

A

GPCR → g protein → adenylyl cyclase (effector enzyme) → cAMP (2nd messenger) → PKA (protein kinase A) → CREB phosphorylates (cAMP-response element binding protein) → TFs

20
Q

rhodopsin

A

receptor for vision, signal = light quanta, coupled to G protein

21
Q

2 types of G proteins

A

heterotrimeric G proteins
small G proteins

22
Q

α-subunit of heterotrimeric g protien function (2)

A

binds GDP/GTP
has intrinsic GTPase activity

23
Q

what happens to heterotrimeric g proteins when hormone binds to receptor

A

stimulates GTP-GDP exchange
causes Gα to dissociate from other subunits and associate w effector protein (e.g. adenylyl cyclase)

24
Q

how do some GPCRs activate the effector phospholipase C?

+ second messengers

A

via a Gq G protein to produce second messengers IP3 & DAG

25
Q

explain the IP3/DAG mediated signal transduction pathways (6)

A

GCPR → G protein (Gq) → phospholipase C (effector enzyme) → IP3 & DAG & Ca2+ (2nd messengers) → PKC & CaM kinase (kinase) → various targets

Genetics (14 decks)

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