cell signaling test 2

Question 1

signal transduction

Answer 1

biochemical mechanism responsible for transmitting extracellular signals across the plasma membrane and throughout the cell
often ends with covalent or noncovalent modification of intracellular proteins

Question 2

hormones

Answer 2

first messengers
biologically active compounds that are released into the circulatory system and come into contact with hormone receptors in the target cells

Question 3

endocrine

Answer 3

hormones transported through body

Question 4

paracrine

Answer 4

relating to a hormone which has effect only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it

Question 5

autocrine

Answer 5

relating to a cell-produced substance that has an effect on the cell by which it is secreted while

Question 6

second messengers

Answer 6

small, nonprotein intracellular molecules that amplify receptor generated signals
ex: cGMP, cAMP, DAG, IP3, Ca2+

Question 7

phosphoinositide cascase

Answer 7

PiP2 > DAG + IP3
DAG activates protein kinase C
IP3 activates Ca2+ channels in ER

Question 8

NO (primary messenger) triggers

Answer 8

cGMP
leads to vasodilation & GMP formation by cGMP phosphodiesterase
when cGMP phosphodiesterase is inhibited, higher levels of cGMP are observed & longer vasodilation

Question 9

G protein coupled receptors

Answer 9

dissociation of heterotrimeric G protein complex

Question 10

receptor tyrosine kinases

Answer 10

phosphorylates Tyr residues in target proteins to create docking sites for intracellular signaling

Question 11

tumor necrosis factor receptors

Answer 11

transmit extracellular signals by forming receptor trimers
controls inflammation and apoptosis

Question 12

nuclear receptors

Answer 12

modulate gene expression through protein DNA and protrin protein interactions