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Foundations Of Medical Science > Cell Signaling > Flashcards

Cell Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major cellular junction systems?

A

Tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

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2
Q

Tight junction

A

Seals the gap between cells, branch network, on the apical end of cells, works to hold cell together

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3
Q

Adherens junction

A

Connects actin filament bundles to keep the cell in place, uses cadherins, alpha-catenin, and beta-catenin

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4
Q

Desmosome

A

Connects intermediate filaments from the inside of the cel to the ECM outside, acts as adhesion points

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5
Q

Gap junction

A

Allows the passage of water soluble molecules, directly connect cytoplasm of two cells, made up of connexin proteins

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6
Q

Why is the ECM important?

A

It provides a surrounding matrix in tissues, facilitates cell adhesion, anchors cells within tissue with basement “membrane” and provides the cell with a compressible, resilient environment to prevent physical damage

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7
Q

Components of the ECM

A

Collagen, fibronectin, laminin, proteoglycans, clycoseaminoglycans

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8
Q

What do integrins do?

A

Integrate the ECM to the functions of the intracellular signaling pathways

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9
Q

Growth factors

A

Bind to cell surface receptor to stimulate cell growth and/or proliferation

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10
Q

Mitogen

A

Stimulates cellular proliferation

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11
Q

Cytokine

A

Stimulates the differentiation or proliferation of immune cells

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12
Q

Chemokine

A

Attractant for motile cells through receptor mediated signaling

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13
Q

Types of receptor-mediated signaling

A

Endocrine, paracrine, autocrine

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14
Q

Endocrine

A

Signaling molecules made in specialized cells and carried to remote sites through the bloodstream (long distance signal)

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15
Q

Paracrine

A

Signaling molecules that act on nearly cells

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16
Q

Autocrine

A

Signaling molecules on one membrane that interact with adjacent receptors

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17
Q

Key steps of cell signaling

A

Signal, reception, amplification, transduction, response, feedback

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18
Q

First messenger

A

Extracellular signal that binds to start a signaling process (ligand)

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19
Q

Second messengers

A

Respond to first messenger and are released to trigger physiological changes in the cell, small molecules (NOT PROTEINS)

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20
Q

Transduction

A

The transformation of a signal into another type to ensure that energy is correctly put into the physiological change

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21
Q

Amplification

A

Signal increases in intensity over time to trigger the desired response

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22
Q

Feedback

A

Response continues until termination signal

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23
Q

Node

A

Where signaling pathways connect

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24
Q

Signal termination

A

The stopping of a signaling pathway

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25
Intracellular receptor signaling
Carrier protein brings small, hydrophobic signaling molecule, which then diffuses across ECM into target cell, where an intracellular receptor protein takes it into the nucleus. It binds to the promoter region of a gene and activate the transcription of a new protein that alters the cell's function
26
Membrane signaling
The signal binds to a TM receptor, which activates a membrane associated switch, which then activates cytoplasmic signaling pathways, and gets the desired response
27
What are the master switches of membrane receptor signaling?
Phosphorylation and GTP Binding
28
Phosphorylation
Inactive protein is phosphorylated by a protein kinase to activate, then a protein phosphatase returns it to an inactive state
29
GTP binding
Inactive G-protein is bound by GDP, GEF literally exchanges GDP for GTP, which binds to the G-protein, activating it, then an inactivator protein hydrolyzes GTP to GDP
30
Small G-protein
Monomeric G-protein, GDP-bound is inactive, GTP-bound is active, activated by GEF, inactivated by GAP
31
Large G-protein
Trimeric, alpha, beta and gamma subunits. Beta and gamma are regulatory subunit, the exchange of GDP for GTP by GEF triggers the release of this subunit. Coupled with 7-TM GPCR. When bound, exchange happens, alpha can activate the effector. To inactivate, hydrolysis rejoins beta gamma
32
Examples of second messengers
Ca2+, cAMP, cGMP, IP3, DAG (NOT PROTEINS)
33
Five key membrane signal transduction pathways
JAK-STAT, RAS-MAPK, cAMP-PKA, PI3K-AKT, IP3-PKC
34
JAK-STAT purpose
Stimulates blood cell growth and proliferation
35
JAK-STAT first messenger
Cytokines
36
JAK-STAT receptor
Cytokine receptor couples to JAK
37
JAK-STAT transduction events
Autophosphorylation of JAK proteins, then phosphorylated JAKs bind and phosphorylate STAT
38
JAK-STAT target
Phosphorylated STAT is an active transcription factor, enters nucleus to turn on the transcription of specific cytokine response genes
39
JAK-STAT second messenger
None
40
RAS-MAPK purpose
Stimulate cell growth and proliferation
41
RAS-MAPK first messenger
Growth factors
42
RAS-MAPK receptors
Tyrosine kinase
43
RAS-MAPK transduction events
RAS activated by GEF then activates RAF
44
RAS-MAPK amplification events
RAF phosphorylates MEK, MEK phosphorylates ERK
45
RAS-MAPK target
ERK phosphorylates many target proteins including transcription factors
46
RAS-MAPK second messenger
None
47
cAMP-PKA purpose
Stimulates transcription of genes encoding regulators of metabolic pathways
48
cAMP-PKA first messenger
Peptide hormones
49
cAMP-PKA receptor
7-TM receptors
50
cAMP-PKA transduction events
Receptor activates large G-protein, which activates adenylate cyclase, stimulating cAMP production
51
cAMP-PKA amplification events
cAMP activates PKA by stimulating the dissociation of the regulatory subunits
52
cAMP-PKA target
PKA enters nucleus and activates transcription factors
53
cAMP-PKA second messenger
cAMP
54
PI3K-AKT purpose
Controls cell growth and apoptosis pathways
55
PI3K-AKT first messenger
Selected hormones, growth factors, and cell survival ligand
56
PI3K-AKT receptor
Receptor diners with intrinsic kinase domains or that bind intracellular kinases
57
PI3K-AKT transduction events
Stimulation of the conversion of PIP2 to PIP3, PIP3 stimulates PDK1, which activates AKT/PKB
58
PI3K-AKT target
Apoptosis control proteins, transcription factors, translation factors, cyclins
59
PI3K-AKT second messengers
PIP2 and PIP3
60
IP3-PKC purpose
Regulation of physiological processes that are mobilized by the release of calcium stores and are affected by PKC, which plays a role in modulating membrane structure events, regulating transcription, mediating immune response, cell growth and learning and memory
61
IP3-PKC first messenger
Selected growth factors, mitogen, immune signals
62
IP3-PKC receptor
7-TM receptor
63
IP3-PKC transduction events
Receptor activates large G-protein which activates phospholipase C, which attacks and cleaves PI(4,5)bisphosphate to produce IP3 and DAG
64
IP3-PKC amplification events
IP3 binds to smooth ER calcium channels and stimulates the release of Ca2+, which binds to PKC (bound to DAG) and activates PKC
65
IP3-PKC target
PKC phosphorylates a wide variety of substrates including nuclear transcription and cytoplasmic regulatory proteins
66
IP3-PKC second messengers
IP3, DAG, Ca2+
67
How can RAS-MAPK and PI3K-AKT target cancer?
By chemotherapy drugs targeting specific points in the pathway to control cell growth

Foundations Of Medical Science (9 decks)

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