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Animal Cell > Cell Signaling > Flashcards

Cell Signaling Flashcards

Chapter 16

1
Q

Neuromuscular junction neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

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2
Q

Amino acid neurotransmitters

A

glycine, glutamate, asparate, GABA

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3
Q

Monoamine neurotransmitters

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

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4
Q

Neuropeptide neurotransmitter

A

endorphins (some function as hormones)

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5
Q

One neurotransmitter can bind to ____ receptors. What does this do?

A

multiple; elicits different responses based on that receptor

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6
Q

direct neurotransmission

A

when a receptor binds to neurotransmitters causes ion channels to open

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7
Q

Some transmitters cause depolarization of the post-synaptic cell

A

excitatory synapse

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8
Q

Some transmitters cause hyperpolarization of the post-synaptic cell

A

inhibitory synapse

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9
Q

Neurotransmission through G-protein-coupled receptors still results in ion channels opening on the plasma membrane (direct or indirect?)

A

Indirect

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10
Q

Peptide hormones (hydrophilic)

A

cannot enter the cell –> hormone receptor binding activates G protein –> 2nd messenger cAMP produced

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11
Q

“metabolic reaction”

A

target cells function

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12
Q

G-protein-coupled receptor

A

extracellular ligand binding domain when BOUND –> intracellular domain (GEF activity domain) ACTIVATES G-PROTEIN –> can attach to adenylyl cyclase

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13
Q

GEF

A

GDP + Pi —> GTP (active)

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14
Q

GAP

A

GTP hydrolyzed back to GDP + Pi (inactive)

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15
Q

cAMP (signal amplification) relative speed?

A

very fast (compared to hydrophobic ligand signaling on last exam)

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16
Q

Adenylyl cyclase

A

inactive until activated by the activated G protein bound to GTP

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17
Q

cAMP acts as a “messenger” to relay a message from ____ the cell to ____ the cell.

A

outside; inside

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18
Q

1st messenger (the orig. chemical messenger) is ___ the cell.

A

outside

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19
Q

2nd messenger (cAMP) and effector molecules that will bring about the desired response are ____ the cell.

A

within/inside

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20
Q

Signaling through G-protein-coupled receptors can effect ______ ______.

A

gene expression

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21
Q

Kinase (important enzyme in cell signaling)

A

adds a phosphate group = phosphorylates
- phosphorylation “activates” a protein

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22
Q

Phosphatase (important enzyme in cell signaling)

A

removes a phosphate group = dephosphorylates
- “inactivates” a protein

23
Q

Most common phosphorylation targets (amino acid residue on a protein that is modified by addition of a phosphate group)

A

Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, hydroxyl side chains

24
Q

Some cell surface receptors act as ______ _____ !!

A

intracellular enzymes

  • some directly linked to intracellular enzymes
25
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinases

A
  • largest family
  • phosphorylate substrate proteins on tyrosine residues
26
Q

Non-receptor tyrosine kinases

A
  • not kinases but act like them by stimulating intracellular tyrosine kinases
27
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinase structure

A
  • Ligand binding domain in (extracellular space)
  • Tyrosine kinase domain on (cytosolic side)
28
Q

Most ligands (to ligand binding domains of receptor tyrosine kinase structure) are _______ (growth factors)

A

Proteins

29
Q

Secreted peptides or hormones that bind to receptor tyrosine kinases
(animal cells cannot grow without this)

A

Growth Factors

30
Q

Growth factors

A
  • peptides can control specific target cells
  • involved in embryonic development
  • in adults, involved in growth/differentiation & immune cell proliferation
31
Q

what are the three big steps in receptor tyrosine kinases ligand binding?

A

1) monomer form of receptor is inactive
2) upon ligand binding, receptor becomes a dimer
3) In receptor-dimer, active sites of tyrosine kinase locate close to each other = autophosphorylation

32
Q

What steps follow phosphorylation of the receptor dimer?

A

1) phosphorylated receptor binds and activated “downstream signaling molecule”

33
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

A

Ras activation proteins (MAPK signaling), Pl3 kinase, phospholipase C (PLC-y)

These proteins have phosphorylation-tyrosine binding sites (SH2 domain)*

34
Q

Activated Ras protein

A

–> Activates MAP kinase cascade
–> leads to activation of Cdks (cyclin-dependent protein kinases)

35
Q

Activated Phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase (PI3)

A

–> adds a phosphate to 3-OH of any inositol phospholipid
–> activates protein kinase B

36
Q

Activated Phospholipase C (PLC)

A

IP3 and DAG are produced –> leads to Ca2+ efflux from endoplasmic reticulum & PKC activation

37
Q

What does is mean when we say MAP kinase pathways signal in parallel in a cell?

A

In a single cell, multiple MAP signaling pathways can be activated simultaneously…each responding to different stimuli and potentially leading to separate cellular responses, all happening at the same time

38
Q

PI3 kinase pathway surppresses ___ and promotes _____.

A

apoptosis; cell survival

39
Q

Akt (PI3 pathway) INACTIVATES FOXO transcriptional activator. What does FOXO expression do??

A

Foxo expression = cell death (apoptosis); cell cycle arrest

40
Q

Akt —-| FOXO expression = cell ____; cell cycle ____

A

survives; proceeds

  • Activated Akt phosphorylates FOXO to inactivate its activity = cell survives and grows
41
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase activates Phospholipase C (PLC) —> ?

A

PLC catalyzes PIP2 breakdown

42
Q

What does PIP2 breakdown into?

A

IP3 and DAG

43
Q

What does IP3 and DAG production result in?

A

DAG bound to Protein kinase C (PKC) –> cell cycle regulation

IP3 binds to receptor –> Ca2++ efflux from endoplasmic reticulum

44
Q

Non-Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

A
  • JAK/STAT signaling
  • FAK–Integrin signaling
45
Q

Non-receptor tyrosine kinases ___ (do/do not) have intrinsic enzymatic activity

A

DO NOT; are associated with intracellular kinases & stimulate their activity

46
Q

Janus kinases (JAKs) associate with which receptors?

A

Cytokine receptors

47
Q

What proteins are key targets of JAK kinases?

A

STAT proteins

48
Q

Integrin initiates signaling for ______.

A

cell movement, proliferation

49
Q

what is a SH2 domain?

A

a protein molecule that binds to tyrosine-phosphorylated sequences in other proteins
- linking receptor activation to downstream signaling

50
Q

What do receptor tyrosine kinases and non-receptor tyrosine kinases have in common?

A

?

51
Q

How are they different? (receptor tyrosine kinases and non-receptor tyrosine kinases)

A

?

52
Q

Receptors coupled to transcription factors

A

TGF-β
NF-κB
Wnt
Notch

53
Q
A

Animal Cell (2 decks)

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