Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 100 > Cell Reproduction Exam 3 > Flashcards

Cell Reproduction Exam 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  • flora lizard explain
A

offsrping derived genes solely from her = parthenogenesis - production of offspring by female without involvement of a male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • cell division def
A

two daughter cells - genetically identical to each other and the parent cell (mitosis) - same amount of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • chromosomes
A

structure that contain most of the cell’s DNA - form before it divides & duplicate - one set to each daughter cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • important roles of cell division
A

replace damaged or lost cells - also reproduction ie ameobas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • asexual reproduction
A

does nto involve fertilization of an egg by sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • sexual reproduction
A

requires fertilization of egg by slerm (gametes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  • meiosis/mitosis roles
A

meiosis of reporduction (sexual orgs) and mitosis for growth / maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  • chromatin
A

chromosomes composed of this - roughly equal amounts of DNA / proteins - most of time - chromosomes thin stretched out fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • a big part of DNA packaging
A

winding it around the histones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  • sister chromatids
A

result of DNA duplication before a cell divides - side by side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  • centromere what is
A

where sister chromatids join together at the waist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  • explain sister chromatid separation + example
A

once separated each is a full chromosome ie skin cell 46 duplicated chromosmes → 46 single chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • cell cycle def
A

ordered sequence of events that extends from time a cell is first formed to its division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • most of cell time in what phase
A

interphase - cell performs its normal function ie stomach enzymes -

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • what is cell doing in interphase
A

cell doubles everything in its cytoplasm - increases protein supply - grows - lasts 90% of cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • most important event in interphase
A

S phase - chromosome duplication - DNA EXACTLY doubled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • explain G1/G2
A

before and apfter S phase - in G2 each chromo is double with sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  • part of cycle when cell actually dividing
A

mitotic M phase with: mitosis everything divded/evenly distributed // cytokinesis - cytoplasm spliced apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
  • elements of G2
A

cell contains 2 centrosomes - chromos duplicated but still as loose chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  • chromosome movements depend on what
A

mitotic spindle - grow from centrosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  • 4 main stages of mitosis
A

prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  • 4 changes in prophase
A

1 chromatin → chromosome in nucleus 2 mitotic spindle forms as microtubules grow 3 nuclear envelope braks into pieces 4 spindle microtubules attach to centromeres on chromos - move them to center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  • metaphase changes
A

centromeres line up all of the chromos bw 2 poles - pull toward opposites keeps them in centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  • anaphase 3 changes
A

sister chromosomes separate → 2 full chromos // spindle microtubles attached shorten to move apart chromos // microtubels not attached lengthen to push apart cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
  • telophase + cytokinesis 3 steps
A

2 groups of chromos have reached opposite ends ofthe cell // nuclear envelopes form - chromos uncoil - spindle disappears - MITOSIS ENDED // cytokinesis furrow or plate finishes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
  • animal cell vs plant cytokinesis
A

animal cleavage furrow // plant cell plate from vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q
  • cell cycle control system
A

cycle normally halts within G1 phase - unles gets go ahead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q
  • what is cancer
A

disease of cell cycle - cell undergoes transformation from MUTATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q
  • tumor def
A

abnormally growing mass of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q
  • benign tumour def
A

lump that stays at original site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q
  • malignant tumour
A

has begun to spread to neighbouring tissues = cancer - the spread = metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q
  • cancer treatment types
A

(slash burn poisont) radiation therapy/chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q
  • somatic cell def + eg
A

typical body cell ie in humans 46 chromos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q
  • karyotype def
A

display of chromos in metaphase organized into matching pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q
  • homologous chromos
A

pair resemble in length and centromere position - carry genes CONTROLLING same characteristics - 2 homos may have DIFFERENT VARIATIONS of the genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q
  • human chromo arrangment
A

22 homo pairs (autosomes) + 23rd sex X Y pair - 23 pairs total homologous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q
  • sex chromos male/female
A

XY male XX females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q
  • explain diploid orgs
A

all body cells contain PAIRS fo homologous chromos - 2n - ie 46 in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q
  • exceptions of 2n diploid in humans
A

gametes - single 23 chromos - 22 autosomes + either X or Y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q
  • haploid explain + eg
A

only one chromo set - n - ie n number 23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q
  • explain fertilization
A

haploid sperm fuses with haploid egg = diplodi zygote - 2 sets chromos = 46 in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q
  • can all cells in body trace back to zygote
A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q
  • 3 overview steps of meiosis
A

interphase chromos duplcated 2// meiosis I - homologous pairs separate (each still doubled) // meiosis II - sister chromatids separate = 4 daughter cells - haploid - single chromo from homo pair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q
  • meiosis def
A

process of cell division produces haploid gametes in diploid organisms - with exchange of genetic material (reduction in DNA by half)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q
  • how long do sister chromatids remain together meiosis
A

anaphase of meiosis II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q
  • interphase meiosis
A

chromosomes duplicate - so chromos with chromatids

47
Q
  • 3 steps prophase I meiosis
A

proteins cause homologous chromos to stick together in pairs // chromatids in homologous chromos - crossing over happens //spindle forms - pairs move to center

48
Q
  • metaphase 1 explain
A

homo pairs aligned in cell - spindles pull homologous pairs apart

49
Q
  • anaphase I explain
A

INDEPENDENT ASSORMENT - homo chromosomes migrate to poles of cell - sister chromos still together (unlike mitosis)

50
Q
  • telophase I + cytokinesis explain
A

chromos at poles of cell - haploid chromo set in DUPLICATE form - 2 haploid daughter cells form

51
Q
  • meiosis II big idea
A

meiosis II same as mitosis - but starts with HAPLOID cell with NO CHROMO DUPLICATION (already duplicated)

52
Q
  • prophase II
A

spindle forms - moves chromos (duplicated) to middle of cell

53
Q
  • metaphase II
A

chromos aligned as in mitosis - microtubles attached to sister chromatids

54
Q
  • anaphase II
A

sister chromatids toward opposite poles - split at centromere

55
Q
  • telophase II
A

nuclei @ cell poles - cytokinesis occurs 2 same time = 4 haploid daughters total - single chromos

56
Q
  • meiosis yield
A

4 genetically unique haploid daughter cells

57
Q
  • where do all events unique to meiosis occur
A

meiosis I

58
Q
  • meiosis II difference to mitosis
A

meiosis II yield haploid daughters

59
Q
  • what is independent assortment of chromos + importance
A

2 equally probable arrangements ie red red / blue blue OR red blue / redd blue

60
Q
  • do all chromos independently orient
A

yes

61
Q
  • explain total # of chromo combos + eg
A

2^n (n=haploid number) ie humans n=23 so 2^23 = 8 million

62
Q
  • where does crossing over occur
A

chiasma (@ the tips)

63
Q
  • homologous chromos (homo chromatids (NOT sister tids)) remain attached at chiasmata until when
A

anaphase I

64
Q
  • purpose of crossing over
A

without there would only be 2 types of gametes - instead they are RECOMBINANT -from genetic recombination

65
Q
  • can a single crossover event affect many genes
A

yes

66
Q
  • where does meiosis occur humans
A

testes/ovaries

67
Q
  • nondisjunction def
A

chromos fail to separate at anaphase I or II

68
Q
  • what happens when normal gamete fuse with extra chromo gamete
A

2n + 1 - mitosis transmits abnormality to all embryonic cells - will have abnormal karyotype

69
Q
  • explain downs syndrome
A

people with trisomy 21 - 3 #21 chromos

70
Q
  • how do mammalian sex chromos function normally
A

only one X chromo cuz other copies deactivated

71
Q
  • explain Klinefelter syndrome/Turner syndrome
A

klinefelter XXY - males - sterile + breast enlargement // turner XO O = nothing = web of skin from neck to shoulder

72
Q
  • what is a motivation for studying human genetics + examples
A

to map geens conferring to suceptibility of diseases - Human Genome project - now 1000 genomes project

73
Q
  • what to bioinformaticists do
A

combine computer knowlede with genetics

74
Q
  • what level does reproduction occur at
A

cellular level

75
Q
  • eukaryote DNA organization
A

in linear chromosomes

76
Q
  • explain advantage of multi-cellular organisms + eg
A

DIVISION of LABOUR ie liver cells just to process toxins - ie eucaryotes engulg procaryotes by endosymbiosis - these become mitochondira/chloroplasts

77
Q
  • explain gamete cell production
A

at some point cells put away - animals put away at specific time - plants no specific time = regrowth from clippings

78
Q
  • talk Weismann diagram of gametes
A

(Germ⋰Soma) → (Germ⋰Soma) → (Germ⋰Soma)

79
Q
  • what is germ line
A

cells that produce the gametes

80
Q
  • what is soma
A

body of cells - NOT reproductive cells

81
Q
  • Lamarck’s defunct idea about germline
A

inheritance of acquired characteristics - selection in soma could influnce germline - DEFUNCT

82
Q
  • what are stem cells
A

cells in early development - still have potential to produce different rogan cells

83
Q
  • gene and chomosome descriptions
A

genes are strings of ACGT nucleotides - produce polypeptide that affects phenotype // chromos are long chains of genes

84
Q
  • chromo locus + example
A

place where different alleles occur - ie sickle cell hemoglobin - allele 300 pairs long - one pair change = change in allele

85
Q
  • main purpose of sex/meiosis
A

to generate variation

86
Q
  • 2 things genetics focus on
A

explaining hereidty resemblance // how offspring slightly different than parents

87
Q
  • why/how dominant/recessive alleles important
A

somatic cells have 2 copies of each gene - so homozygous if 2 same copies - heterozygous if different - phenotype of heterozygous shows what allele is recessive

88
Q
  • example of PHENOTYPE determining RECESSIVE ALLELE
A

a Blonde woman with Blonde and brunette alleles - Bb - because she’s blond the b brunette is recessive

89
Q
  • name of cloned sheep
A

Dolly

90
Q
  • do all eukaryotes have sex? (gamete fusion) + eg
A

no ie diplomonads

91
Q
  • what is origin of all different alleles
A

mutation

92
Q
  • what do mates produce
A

F1 offspring - the originals

93
Q
  • what dominants would produced tall blonde F1
A

Tall & Blonde

94
Q
  • pupose of independent assortment in F1 mating
A

two F1s can produce offspring with recessive traits - T b / TB / t B/ tb can be t_b_ with t_b_ - mating and assortment produce new variation combos

95
Q
  • what happens to producing offspring with recessive traits if two genes on same chromo
A

F2s will not produce recessive ie short brunette - instead need RECOMBINATION - break up/switch to get t___b_

96
Q
  • what makes sex advantageous
A

sex with recombination of chromosomes = new allels that make adaptive combos ie “short brunette well suited to vancouver”

97
Q
  • percentage of organells duplicated during interphase
A

90%

98
Q
  • why are sister chromatids side by side
A

double strands of DNA coming off each centromere in both directions

99
Q
  • is interphase considered part of mitosis
A

no - prophase is beginning

100
Q
  • what beside spindle apparatus is made of microtubles
A

flagella and cilia

101
Q
  • Fact mitosis prophase POLES form
A

good

102
Q
  • Fact could also get short brunettes from mutation alone but crossing over much more efficient
A

!

103
Q
  • what pinches the membrane animals cytokinesis
A

contractile filaments

104
Q
  • Fact: new combinations of alleles attched together on duplicated chromosomes after mitosis
A

good

105
Q
  • 3 ways to generate variation besides mutation
A

meiosis I - homologous pairs of duplicated chroos cross over (ie to allow short brunette) // independent assortment anaphase I (not all from just mom/dad) // fusion of gametes - mix up genomes

106
Q
  • 2 pairs of chromos allow for how many types of gametes (then how many for 3)
A

4 types of gametes from 2 pairs // 8 from 3 pairs

107
Q
  • Fact: Data from contemporary populations shows high levels of excess mortality
A

despite halvving of interbirth intervals

108
Q
  • which chromo on the karyotype is the largest
A

the 1st

109
Q
  • explain HIV resistant gene
A

CCR5Δ32 - 32 base pairs forgot to get copied - 2 copies of the CCR5Δ32 gene = resistant to HIV infection - affects T cells - virus cant bind to cell receptor - viking hypothesis - vikings brought it along

110
Q
  • single cell prokaryotes chromos
A
  • no nucleus - one circular chromosome - gene for making receptor membrane in all genes - so if bad gene = U die
111
Q
  • what is complete dominance
A

an allele that will always be expressed over recessive Allele

112
Q
  • what is homozygous recessive
A

all alleles for gene recessive in org

113
Q
  • what is incomplete dominance
A

blending of two phenotypes - ie red and white to pink

114
Q
  • what is co-dominance
A

express both equally ie AB

Biology 100 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions