Cell Reproduction & Cancer- Exam 1

Question 1

Chromosomes are made of ________.

Answer 1

Chromatin

Question 2

Chromatin is a…..

Answer 2

combination of DNA and protein molecules

Question 3

When are chromosomes visible in a cell?

Answer 3

Not until cell division

Question 4

The DNA in a cell is packed into an elaborate,…

Answer 4

multilevel system of coiling and folding

Question 5

Before a cell divides it _________ all of its chromosomes, resulting in two copies called ________ ___________.

Answer 5

duplicates, sister chromatids

Question 6

When the cell divides, the sister chromatids _________ from each other

Answer 6

separate

Question 7

Apoptosis

Answer 7

programmed cell death

Question 8

alot of our body is because of __________.

Answer 8

apoptosis

Question 9

Different organisms of the same species have the same number and types of ___________.

Answer 9

chromosomes

Question 10

A somatic cell

Answer 10

a typical body cell

Question 11

a typical body cell is a

Answer 11

somatic cell

Question 12

How many chromosomes in a human

Answer 12

46

Question 13

how many PAIRS of chromosomes are in a human?

Answer 13

23 pairs

Question 14

Karyotype

Answer 14

an orderly arrangement of chromosomes

Question 15

Homologous chromosomes

Answer 15

matching pairs of chromosomes

Question 16

Meiosis

Answer 16

gamete formation must involve some mechanism to halve the number of chromosomes

Question 17

The purpose of recombination

Answer 17

to increase the genetic probability of offsprings

Question 18

3 evolutionary consequences of sex

Answer 18

• Genetic diversity
  1. independent assortment
  2. crossing over
  3. random fertilization

Question 19

Cancer

Answer 19

unrestrained cell growth and division

Question 20

Tumor

Answer 20

cluster of cells

Question 21

Benign tumor

Answer 21

encapsulated and noninvasive

Question 22

Malignant cancer

Answer 22

not encapsulated, invasive, and shed cells

Question 23

Metastases

Answer 23

Process of cells shedding from a malignant tumor and spreading to distant parts of the body

Question 24

Cancer is multifactorial, meaning 4 things…

Answer 24

1. genetic predisposition
2. mutations in somatic cells
3. toxic chemicals (carcinogens)
4. viral infection

Question 25

G1 checkpoint assess….

Answer 25

the health of a cell

Question 26

What does cancer look like?

Answer 26

normal tissues grow in flat compact sheets of cells

Question 27

Most cancer cells grow at a “normal” rate, they just _____ _______ dividing.

Answer 27

cant stop

Question 28

How many types of cancers are there?

Answer 28

cancer starts in the cells so there are as many cancers as there are cells and tissues

-there are over 200 recognized types of cancers

Question 29

Cancers are divided into three types:

Answer 29

1. Carcinomas
2. Sarcomas
3. Leukemias and Lymphomas

Question 30

Carcinomas

Answer 30

cancers in cells that cover our inner or outer surfaces (skin, stomach…)

Question 31

Sarcomas

Answer 31

cancers in cells that make up our supporting tissues (bone, muscle…)

Question 32

Leukemias and Lymphomas

Answer 32

cancers in cells in the circulatory system (blood, lymph..)

Question 33

Is one mutation enough to start a cancerous growth?

Answer 33

no

Question 34

Most leukemias require ____ mutations to get started

Answer 34

3-4

Question 35

Most carcinomas require _____ mutations to get started

Answer 35

2-7

Question 36

Two basic types of mutations that can cause cancer:

Answer 36

1. proto-oncogenes

2. tumor suppressor genes

Question 37

Cell cycle happens in every cell except

Answer 37

gametes