cell renewal and death Flashcards
most differentiated cells lose the ability of ………….,
when they are lost they could be replaced by…………,
proliferation,
proliferation of less differentiated cells
those less differentiated cells are derived from………, e.g:…………and……………
self renewal stem cells,
hematopoietic stem cells and epithelial intestinal cells
other differntiated cells could……….the ability of proliferation , these cells enters ….phase, e.g:……..,……….,……….and……….
retain(when needed),
G0,
fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and epithelial in liver
renewal causes:
1-losing ability of proliferation
2-damage
3-specific signals
programmed cell death is a……….process that with a distinct process called:………
physiological,
apoptosis
apoptosis is important for……..in both………and…….
maintance,
adult and embryonic devolpment
examples for cells undergo apoptosis:
renewal of blood cells,
faulty connection neurons,
dangerous cells(DNA damage, virus infected)
………….: is the accidental cell death occurs from …….injury
necrosis,
acute
necrosis results in:
and it is a result to
membrane damage
enlargment
contents release
inflammation,
external cause
apoptosis results in:
fragmentation of……………,………..and……..
nuclear DNA, nucleus(lamin cytoskelton) and the cell(apoptic bodies)
apoptosis results also in:
1-phagocytosis by ……… and………..
2-
3-
by macrophages and neighbering cells
2-condensation of chromosomes
3-shrinkage of the cell
A technique for detecting apoptosis
Gel-electrophoresis
Inhibitor of DNase, nuclear lamins are targets for ……….. degradation, other targets are:
1-
2-
3-
caspase,
1-cytoskeletal proteins(actin myosin……viementin)
2-golgi peripheral membrane proteins
3-scramblase
scramblase: translocation of ………… from …….leaflet to the………..
phosphotidylserine
from inner leaflet(the normal) to the outer
…………is an early marker for apoptosis, and get recognized by………..
PS,
phagocytotic cells
B-Cl 2 family contains:
1-
which inhibit (bind to) to release (3) from (2)
2-
which inhibit(bind to)
3-
1-proapoptotic regulatory proteins
2-antiapoptotic regulatory proteins
3-proapoptotic effectors proteins
proapoptotic effectors ……..to bind to …………, result in releasing of ………….
oligomerize,
OMM,
cytochrome c
apoptosome complex is composed of:
cytchrome c,
Apaf1,
caspase 9
apoptosis has 2 pathways:
1-intrnisc
2-extrinisc
intrnisc pathway by DNA damage includes:
ATM kinase………..–>
stabilization of……….by ………–>activating trancription factor for………. genes
ATM kinase activation–> stabilization of p53 by phosphorylaton–> activating trancription factor for proapoptotic regulators genes
growth factors activate………receptor,
which activate………, result in phosphorylation and……..of proapototic regulators, and activate …………….
PI-3 kinase,
AKT,
AKT deactivate proapoptotic regulators,
activates antiapoptotic
a case of extrnisc pathway:
TNF bind to ……in cases of immune response against:
1-
2-
3-…………. in the end of the immune response
Fas receptor,
1-cancer
2-viral infection
3-excessive lymphocytes
TNF receptor activation leads to activation of caspase…, which can either activate effectors like caspase…. and ….
or proapototic………proteins like caspase 9
8
3 and 7
regulatory
caspase 3 and 7 not sufficient alone, need caspase …. for………
9
amplifaction
autophagy:
…………….-independent
inhibits…………….
is mediated by………..
the dying cells contain acummulated……….
caspase
apoptosis
mTOR
lysosomes
necroptosis is like necrosis in ………..triggering………….
cell contents release,
immune response
necroptosis differ from nescrosis in 2 points:
1-stimuli, bacteria or DNA damage or TNF signaling
2-execution by specific molecular mechanism
necroptosis mechanism:
the protein……….. oligomerize in a membrane pore, which results in diffusion of ions …………….the cell, causing ………..of the cell
MLKL
in and out
rupture
…………….: a form of cell death that is stimulated by proinflammatory signals
it is seen in …………..
pyroptosis
immune cells (eg macrophage)
pyroptosis involves oligomerization of ………..,
can induced by …………..infection
gasdermin
bacterial
key feature of pyroptosis is proinflammatory cytokines …………… and ………….
IL-1B
IL-18
Ferroptosis: cell death results from iron………..and peroxidation of …………., and loss of selective plasma membrane permeability
accumulation
lipids
iron accumulation in ferroptosis causes the ROS to ……….., and it involves in depletion of ………..enzymes, like……….perioxidase
increase
antioxidant
glutathione
