cell renewal and death

Question 1

most differentiated cells lose the ability of ………….,
when they are lost they could be replaced by…………,

Answer 1

proliferation,
proliferation of less differentiated cells

Question 2

those less differentiated cells are derived from………, e.g:…………and……………

Answer 2

self renewal stem cells,
hematopoietic stem cells and epithelial intestinal cells

Question 3

other differntiated cells could……….the ability of proliferation , these cells enters ….phase, e.g:……..,……….,……….and……….

Answer 3

retain(when needed),
G0,
fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and epithelial in liver

Question 4

renewal causes:

Answer 4

1-losing ability of proliferation
2-damage
3-specific signals

Question 5

programmed cell death is a……….process that with a distinct process called:………

Answer 5

physiological,
apoptosis

Question 6

apoptosis is important for……..in both………and…….

Answer 6

maintance,
adult and embryonic devolpment

Question 7

examples for cells undergo apoptosis:

Answer 7

renewal of blood cells,
faulty connection neurons,
dangerous cells(DNA damage, virus infected)

Question 8

………….: is the accidental cell death occurs from …….injury

Answer 8

necrosis,
acute

Question 9

necrosis results in:
and it is a result to

Answer 9

membrane damage
enlargment
contents release
inflammation,
external cause

Question 10

apoptosis results in:
fragmentation of……………,………..and……..

Answer 10

nuclear DNA, nucleus(lamin cytoskelton) and the cell(apoptic bodies)

Question 11

apoptosis results also in:
1-phagocytosis by ……… and………..
2-
3-

Answer 11

by macrophages and neighbering cells
2-condensation of chromosomes
3-shrinkage of the cell

Question 12

A technique for detecting apoptosis

Answer 12

Gel-electrophoresis

Question 13

Inhibitor of DNase, nuclear lamins are targets for ……….. degradation, other targets are:
1-
2-
3-

Answer 13

caspase,
1-cytoskeletal proteins(actin myosin……viementin)
2-golgi peripheral membrane proteins
3-scramblase

Question 14

scramblase: translocation of ………… from …….leaflet to the………..

Answer 14

phosphotidylserine
from inner leaflet(the normal) to the outer

Question 15

…………is an early marker for apoptosis, and get recognized by………..

Answer 15

PS,
phagocytotic cells

Question 16

B-Cl 2 family contains:
1-
which inhibit (bind to) to release (3) from (2)
2-
which inhibit(bind to)
3-

Answer 16

1-proapoptotic regulatory proteins
2-antiapoptotic regulatory proteins
3-proapoptotic effectors proteins

Question 17

proapoptotic effectors ……..to bind to …………, result in releasing of ………….

Answer 17

oligomerize,
OMM,
cytochrome c

Question 18

apoptosome complex is composed of:

Answer 18

cytchrome c,
Apaf1,
caspase 9

Question 19

apoptosis has 2 pathways:

Answer 19

1-intrnisc
2-extrinisc

Question 20

intrnisc pathway by DNA damage includes:
ATM kinase………..–>
stabilization of……….by ………–>activating trancription factor for………. genes

Answer 20

ATM kinase activation–> stabilization of p53 by phosphorylaton–> activating trancription factor for proapoptotic regulators genes

Question 21

growth factors activate………receptor,
which activate………, result in phosphorylation and……..of proapototic regulators, and activate …………….

Answer 21

PI-3 kinase,
AKT,
AKT deactivate proapoptotic regulators,
activates antiapoptotic

Question 22

a case of extrnisc pathway:
TNF bind to ……in cases of immune response against:
1-
2-
3-…………. in the end of the immune response

Answer 22

Fas receptor,
1-cancer
2-viral infection
3-excessive lymphocytes

Question 23

TNF receptor activation leads to activation of caspase…, which can either activate effectors like caspase…. and ….
or proapototic………proteins like caspase 9

Answer 23

8
3 and 7
regulatory

Question 24

caspase 3 and 7 not sufficient alone, need caspase …. for………

Answer 24

9
amplifaction

Question 25

autophagy:
…………….-independent
inhibits…………….
is mediated by………..
the dying cells contain acummulated……….

Answer 25

caspase
apoptosis
mTOR
lysosomes

Question 26

necroptosis is like necrosis in ………..triggering………….

Answer 26

cell contents release,
immune response

Question 27

necroptosis differ from nescrosis in 2 points:

Answer 27

1-stimuli, bacteria or DNA damage or TNF signaling
2-execution by specific molecular mechanism

Question 28

necroptosis mechanism:
the protein……….. oligomerize in a membrane pore, which results in diffusion of ions …………….the cell, causing ………..of the cell

Answer 28

MLKL
in and out
rupture

Question 29

…………….: a form of cell death that is stimulated by proinflammatory signals
it is seen in …………..

Answer 29

pyroptosis
immune cells (eg macrophage)

Question 30

pyroptosis involves oligomerization of ………..,
can induced by …………..infection

Answer 30

gasdermin
bacterial

Question 31

key feature of pyroptosis is proinflammatory cytokines …………… and ………….

Answer 31

IL-1B
IL-18

Question 32

Ferroptosis: cell death results from iron………..and peroxidation of …………., and loss of selective plasma membrane permeability

Answer 32

accumulation
lipids

Question 33

iron accumulation in ferroptosis causes the ROS to ……….., and it involves in depletion of ………..enzymes, like……….perioxidase

Answer 33

increase
antioxidant
glutathione