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Biology 1020 > Cell Processes > Flashcards

Cell Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

Which organelles do both plants and animals have?

A

Mitochondria

Vacuoles (vesicles)

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2
Q

List the components of the cytoskeleton from smallest to largest.

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microtubules
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3
Q

Describe the progression of a signal sent to a cell’s extracellular matrix.

A

Collagen receives the signal, and it goes through the fibronectins, to the integrins, to the microfilaments.

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4
Q

List the three types of cell junctions and their functions.

A
  • Tight: prevent leakage
  • Anchoring: greater strength
  • Gap: communicate
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5
Q

If anabolic metabolism is like construction, then catabolic metabolism is like…

A

Deconstruction

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6
Q

What is ‘G’ (free energy)?

A

The energy of a system that can be used to do work.

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7
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

The removal of the terminal phosphate from ATP which releases energy.

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8
Q

What sorts of factors affect enzyme activity?

A

Temperature, pH, concentrations of substrate and of product, inhibitors, activators, and cofactors.

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9
Q

What is part of the endomembrane system?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus.

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10
Q

Aerobic respiration reduces oxygen to water, and oxidizes…

A

Glucose to carbon dioxide.

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11
Q

What are the two phases of glycolysis?

A

Energy investment and energy payoff, in that order.

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12
Q

What occurs during energy investment of glycolysis?

A

Glucose is phosphorylated and converted to fructose. This fructose splits into G3P and DHAP. The hydrogen from glucose is used in the payoff phase.

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13
Q

What occurs during the payoff phase of glycolysis?

A

G3P is oxidized and NAD+ is reduced. Substrate-level phosphorylation converts 3-phosphoglycerate into PEP, and PEP into pyruvate.

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14
Q

True or false: glycolysis produces four ATPs.

A

False. It produces two.

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15
Q

What is added to oxaloacetate to produce citrate, and begin the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

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16
Q

What is produced by the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

FADH(2)
CO(2)
NADH
Two ATPs

17
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

In the cristae of the mitochondria.

18
Q

What is the “fuel” in the “ATP mill” of chemiosmosis?

A

H+ flowing down a gradient.

19
Q

What are the two processes of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Electron transport chain

Chemiosmosis

20
Q

True or false: If mitochondria are uncoupled, ATP synthesis is much slower.

A

True. When coupled, 26 ATPs are produced; when not, only 4.

21
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The production of ATP without oxygen or the ETC. This does not completely oxidize pyruvate, so you end up with ethanol or lactate as byproducts.

22
Q

What are carotenoids for?

A

Photoprotection for chlorophyll molecules. They absorb excess light.

23
Q

Describe the progression of the evolution of the cell.

A
  1. Volcanoes and lightning produced lots of gases
  2. Non-living organic molecules
  3. Polymerization
  4. Membranes
  5. Protocells
  6. RNA
  7. Anaerobic metabolism
  8. Oxygen revolution
  9. Prokaryotes
  10. Eukaryotes
24
Q

In the light reactions of photosynthesis, light first excites electrons, which are then passed to the P680 chlorophyll a pair. In which photosystem does this occur?

A

Photosystem II

25
Q

The P680 pair passes electrons to the primary electron acceptor. They are then transferred to the ETC. What happens next?

A

The electrons are passed to Photosystem I and move from the ETC to the pigments of the photosystem to the P700 pair to the primary electron acceptor - and then through FD to a second ETC. This produces NADPH.

26
Q

What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle?

A

The production of sugar in plants.

27
Q

What are the three steps of the Calvin Cycle?

A
  1. Carbon fixation to RuBP to produce sugars
  2. Reduction of sugars
  3. Regeneration of RuBP using ATP
28
Q

What is photorespiration?

A

The use of oxygen in the Calvin Cycle instead of carbon dioxide, due to the closing of stoma for water conservation in C3 plants.

29
Q

What is the benefit to C4 plants having mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells?

A

The light reactions and the Calvin cycle are separated, and photorespiration cannot occur.

30
Q

What are the three stages of cell signalling?

A

Reception
Transduction
Response

Biology 1020 (7 decks)

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