cell processes Flashcards
The process in which simple food substances, such as sugars are broken down and the energy that they contain is released is the definition of what term
Respiration
What is metabolism?
All of the building up and breaking down activities that occur within a cell
What is the formula for aerobic respiration?
(Say formula)
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
a process in which energy is still produced, but without oxygen at the start of the process, also referred to as fermentation is the definition of what term?
Anaerobic respiration
Give three examples of fermentation
Yeast cells multiplying in bread dough, beer making, and wine making
The process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration is the definition of what term
Diffusion
What does it mean for a cell to be selectively permeable
It chooses what substances come into and out of the cell
What are some substances that the cell allows into and out of its membrane?
Oxygen, food molecules, water, and carbon can enter a d exit
A special type of diffusion, especially the passing of water into and Out Of the cell. During this process, water molecules move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration is the definition of what term
Osmosis
What is special about diffusion and osmosis?
They don’t require atp energy to occur, the process is natural
A cell process where the cell pulls or “carries” a needed substance into the cell. This Process requires the cell to use some of the atp energy it has is a description of what term
Active transport
Name three substances in which active transport is needed to pull them into the cell
Calcium, potassium, and sodium
Name the five phases of cell division in order
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
What is the process of cell division most commonly called?
Mitosis
The process where one parent cell divides into two daughter cells. Each daughter cell is identical to. The other original parent cell. The chromosomes in the parent cell are doubled due to cell division is the definition of what term
Mitosis
Describe phase one of mitosis
Interphase: the chromosomes look threadlike in the nucleus at the beginning of the phase and by the end the chromosomes have doubled.
At the beginning of this process, the cell is just performing normal cell functions
Describe phase two of mitosis
Prophase: this is the official start of mitosis. The threadlike chromosomes begin to shorten and form into rodlike or thickened shapes. The chromosomes become attached at the center towards the end of phase two. The nuclear membrane begins to break down and the nucleolus disappears
Describe phase three of mitosis
Metaphase: the chromosomes attach to the middle of the cell towards the end of metaphase.
Describe phase four of mitosis
Anaphase: the doubled chromosomes begin to move to opposite ends of the cell
Describe phase five of mitosis
Telophase: the chromosomes begin to uncoil and look threadlike. A nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes. Finally, a nucleus forms in each daughter cell as well as a nucleolus in each.
Describe phase six of mitosis
Cytokinesis: the cytoplasm is pinched into two equal parts or daughter cells. Each part contains a nucleus with identical chromosomes. In plant cells, a cell wall also forms around each daughter cell
How long does mitosis usually take to occur?
45 minutes to 5 hours
What is different about unicellular and multicellular organisms?
Unicellular organisms have one cell that performs all of the functions necessary, while multicellular organisms have cells that are specified to perform specific tasks for the organism
Name the five levels of cell specialization
Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems Organisms
Describe level one of cell specialization
Cell: the most basic units of life. Unicellular organisms such as bacteria, always remain at this stage. Multicellular organisms are more complex
Describe level 2 of cell specialization
Tissues: tissues are a group of cells that form together for the multicellular organism a group of tissues then come together to form organs
Describe level three of cell specialization
Organ: an organ is a body part that is very important for the life processes of the organism. All of the organs work together to form organ systems.
Describe level four of cell specialization
Organ system: an organ system is necessary for the life of the organism. A multicellular organism will die if an organ system quits working. All of the organ systems come together to form an organism
Describe level five of cell specialization
Organism: level 5 is a completely formed multicellular human, animal, plant, etc…
Give an example of an organ
Heart, liver, lung, etc
Give an example of an organ system
Respiratory system, nervous system, etc…
Give an example of an organism
Human, dog, cat, tres, etc…
Explain aerobic respiration
First, and organism must eat and digest food, which is then turned into glucose, a natural body sugar. The glucose is then combined with oxygen that the organism constantly breathes in. These substances then combine to form the end products of carbon dioxide, which is exhaled. Water, which is mostly stored within our bodies vacuoles, and sometimes removed from our bodies with urination and waste. Finally, ATP or adenosine Triphosphate is made in the mitochondria in the cells to give the organism the energy that it needs.
