Cell Processes - 2.4 Flashcards
How many chromosomes do humans have in each cell?
46 Chromosomes, 23 Pairs
Why do cells undergo cell division? [Hint; 4 Answers]
- Cell replacement for damaged cells
- Asexual reproduction
- Development and growth
- Increase Sa:V Ratio
The 4 stages of mitosis
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
What is the purpose of DNA Replication?
To replicate DNA to produce an exact copy of a chromosome for cell division
The enzyme that unzips the DNA strand in DNA replication
DNA Helicase
The enzyme that adds and pairs new nucleotides in DNA replication
DNA Polymerase
DNA Replication is?
Semi-Conservative, because half of each strand contains the original DNA
Photosynthesis equation {Chemical]
sunlight
6CO2 + 6H2O ——–> C6H12O6 + 6O2
chlorophyll
Photosynthesis equation [Word}
sunlight
carbon dioxide + water ———–> glucose + oxygen
chlorophyll
Light Dependent Phase
Chlorophyll absorbs the energy of light, which then splits water into H2 and O2. H2 is carried to the stroma by the carrier NAPD and oxygen is released as a by product.
Where does the light dependent phase take place?
The thylakoid
Light Independent Phase [Calvin Cycle}
Carbon dioxide is combined with H2 in a series of reactions to make glucose
Where does the light independent phase take place?
The stroma
Aspects of light that influence the rate of photosynthesis
- Light Intensity - how bright/close the light is
- Wavelength - red or blue wavelengths work best
- Daylength - how long the light/sun is present
Respiration equation [Chemical]
enzymes
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ———> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
ATP [Adenosine Tri-Phosphate]
A universal energy carrier that gives cells their energy
The primary product of respiration
The 4 stages of Aerobic Respiration
- Glycolosis
- Acetyl Formation
- Krebs Cycle
- Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
The 6 carbon in glucose is converted to 3C pyruvate in the cytoplasm.
Produces 2 ATP
Acetyl Formation
3C pyruvate is converted to 2C acetyl in the matrix of the mitochondria
Krebs Cycle
2C acetyl is converted to CO2 and H2 in a series of reactions in the matrix of the mitochondria.
2 ATP Produced
Electron Transport Chain
H2 combines with O2 in the matrix/cristae to make H2O
34 ATP Produced
Product Of Anaerobic Respiration [Both Animals and Plant]
Plants; Ethanol alcohol + CO2
Animals; Lactic Acid
Chlorophyll
A pigment that is found in the thylakoids of chloroplast. It absorbs and stores light (solar energy) to use for photosynthesis.
Prophase
The membrane around the nucleus disappears
Metaphase
The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase
One chromosome of each pair is pulled to each end of the cell
Telophase
Parent cell starts splitting into two daughter cells
Diffusion
The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down the concentration gradient. (Passive Transport)
Facilitated Diffusion
The passive transport of molecules or ions across a cell membrane via specific transmembrane proteins. eg. glucose
Osmosis
The movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration through a semi permeable membrane. (Passive Transport)
Osmoregulation
Process of controlling the amount of water in a cell, aiming to reach equilibrium
Phagocytosis
When the cell engulfs solid material, “cell eating”, through moving its cell membrane (Active Transport)
Pinocytosis
When the cell engulfs liquid material, “cell drinking”, using its cell membrane (Active Transport).
Ion Pumps
Exchanging one ion for another across the cell membrane (Active Transport)
Enzymes
catalysts that speed up reactions without being changed by the reaction itself
Exocytosis
material moving out of a cell
endocytosis
material moving into a cell
